Environmental Impact of Tourism

Environmental Impact of Tourism Presentation Overview of the Environmental Impact of Tourism Positive Impact Outline Negative Impact Introduction ✓ The relationship between tourism and the environment 🡺 COMPLEX ✓ The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is an important aspect of tourism. ✓ The quality of the environment, physical and socio-cultural, can be the basis of a competitive advantage that is sustainability of tourism. ✓ Resources and environment are the main inputs to be able to produce a travel experience that attractive to tourists, such as natural scenery, islands, beaches, coral reefs, mangroves, mountains, waterfalls and traditional villages. Tourism and ENVIRONMENT Linkages ✓ In general, the impact of development and activities Tourism to the environment can be seen from two aspects: • • POSITIVE IMPACT NEGATIVE IMPACT ✓ The positive & negative impacts of tourism activities on the environment can be related from the beginning of tourism area development activities, construction, and maintenance. public infrastructure such as roads and airports and tourism facilities including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. ✓ The negative impacts of tourism development can damage environmental resources that are the mainstay of tourism sustainability. Conversely, if managed well, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and preservation. KILL THE GOOSE THAT LA/S THE GOLDEN EGG Overview of the Environmental Impact of Tourism Positive Impact Outline Negative Impact POSITIVE Impact of Tourism • POSITIVE impacts of tourism development: environment and local communities • The benefits that come with tourism development can be seen in the contribution of tourism to environmental conservation and protection. As such, tourism is expected to increase awareness of the value of SDALs and can also play a role in financing protection and preservation EXAMPLE POSITIVE IMPACT of Tourism How Tourism Can Contribute To Environmental Conservation (Enhance the positive Impact)? 1. Financial Contribution: revenue for managers and government for environmental protection a. Direct financial revenue: Tourism contributes directly to the conservation of the area. Revenue from park entrance fees and other sources can be specifically allocated to pay for the protection and management of sensitive areas: tourists or tour operators. b. Government revenues: taxes, rental of tourist equipment, and license fees to certain tourism activities, such as hunting tours 2. Improved environmental planning and management: green building (energy efficiency and non-polluting construction materials, waste management systems and energy sources), waste management efforts EXAMPLE POSITIVE IMPACT OF TOUR (2) How Tourism Can Contribute To Environmental Conservation (Enhance the positive Impact)? 3. Increasing environmental awareness: Tourism has the potential to increase people's concern for the environment and change behaviors and activities towards environmental sustainability. 4. Protection and Preservation: Tourism can contribute significantly to protection environment, conservation and restoration of biodiversity, and sustainable use of natural resources 🡺 tourism activities and SDAL sustainability have a reciprocal relationship 5. Employment alternatives: Potential work alternatives that do not damage the SDAL. For example: Bird hunters in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park become bird watching special interest tour guides. 6. Regulatory measures: regulations help offset the negative impacts of tourism. For example: controlling the number of tourism activities and the number of tourists can minimize negative impacts on ecosystems and preserve flora/fauna. tourist control with carrying capacity limit CASE EXAMPLE Positive Impact of Tourism Awareness raising and alternative employment: the orangutan viewing center at Bohorok, Indonesia Observing wild and semi-wild orangutans in their natural habitat is a significant environmental education opportunity for large numbers of domestic visitors. To enhance this education experience, the existing station at Bohorok, North Sumatra is to be transformed from a rehabilitation center into an orangutan viewing center, thus offering another, crucial contribution to the sustainable conservation of the rainforest ecosystem. By developing ecotourism for orangutan viewing under the new project, all visitors will gain a rewarding personal experience of orangutans, wildlife and the rainforest ecosystem in general. This will increase their awareness of the importance of rainforest conservation. Moreover, tourism will continue to provide a major source of income for the local population, thus promoting sustainable forest utilization as a genuine alternative to timber exploitation and the poaching and trade of wildlife. Overview of the Environmental Impact of Tourism Positive Impact Outline Negative Impact NEGATIVE IMPACT OF TOURISM ✓ Negative impacts of development and tourism activities can secara gradually damage resources and environment. ✓ One of the negative impacts of tourism occurs when the level of "use" by visitors is greater than the ability of the environment 🡺 carrying capacity ✓ In general, tourism has a negative impact on the environment: 1. Local Scale: Depletion & degradation of resources and environment (SDAL); pollution; and physical impacts. 2. Global Scale: biodiversity loss; and ozone layer depletion NEGATIVE Impact of Tourism: SDAL damage • Tourism can cause a decline in the quality and quantity of natural resources: pressure on natural resources, especially if there is increased consumption in resource-constrained areas. • For example: a. Impact on water resources: The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses, and personal use of tourists 🡺 resulting in decreased water supply, as well as increased wastewater. Example: An average golf course course in a tropical country such as Thailand needs 1500kg of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides per year and uses as much water as 60,000 rural villagers. b. Impact on local resources: Tourism can create great pressure on local resources such as energy, food, and other raw materials. Example: conversion of agricultural land in Puncak into villas etc. c. Land degradation: Increased development of tourist facilities and activities will increase pressure on land resources (fertility, forest products etc.) including landscape. Example: deforestation due to firewood collection and land clearing in trekking tourism areas in Nepal 🡺 a tourist trekking in Nepal can use four to five kilograms of wood in a day. NEGATIVE IMPACTS of Tourism: POLLUTION ❑ Tourism can cause the same pollution as any other industry: a. Air emissions: Increased demand for travel to different regions and countries results in increased travel by air, land, and sea transportation. Tourist mobility accounts for >60% of air travel... b. Noise: Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, buses, etc. Example: A survey on the impact of snowmobiles on noise in Yellowstone showed that snowmobile sounds could be heard 70% 90% more often at 8 locations. c. Garbage and sewage: From both the producer and consumer (traveler) side. Most commonly encountered in high-visitor areas 🡺 can be a major destroyer of the environment rivers, scenic areas and the sea. Example: cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to generate >70,000 tons waste every year. d. Architectural/visual pollution: The development of tourist infrastructure and facilities that are not in accordance with the natural contours in various regions also causes natural visual changes in tourist destinations. Example: construction of high-rise hotels that obstruct views of mountains or beaches. EXAMPLES OF GARBAGE AND SEWAGE POLLUTION 🟏 In the Caribbean Region, there are 63,000 port calls from ships which result in 82,000 tons of waste annually. 🟏 About 77% of all ship waste comes from ships cruise. On average, passengers on each cruise ship each contributing 3.5 kilograms of waste every day - compared to the 0.8 kilograms produced by visitors on the beach. The construction of hotels, recreational and other facilities has the potential to cause an increase in wastewater pollution. Wastewater pollutes nearby seas and lakes tourist attractions 🡺 damaging flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes reef damage coral because it stimulates algae growth, 🟏 🟏 🟏 🟏 NEGATIVE IMPACTS of Tourism: PHYSICAL IMPACT • Construction and infrastructure development activities The development of tourism facilities can involve sand mining, beach and sand dune erosion and loss of wildlife habitats. • Deforestation and intensive or unsustainable land use Construction of ski resort accommodation and facilities often requires clearing forested areas. Land. Coastal wetlands are often drained due to lack of more suitable sites. • Marina development The construction of marinas and breakwaters can cause changes in currents and shorelines. • Coral reefs Coral reefs are suffering from the development of reef-based tourism 🡺 diving and snorkeling by tourists, boat landings, pollution from waste, extraction for souvenirs etc. NEGATIVE IMPACTS of Tourism: GLOBAL IMPACT • The negative impacts of tourism globally can be seen in the decline of biodiversity. • In addition, with the increasing number of visitors, tourism will cause ozone depletion. EXTERNALITY The 'Polluter Pays' Principles Price Position 4 Tax to P' eliminate pollution or internalize externalities P SMC = PMC + EMC Position 3 EMC Position 1 PMC Position 5 Q' Q Position 2 Quantity CARRYING CAPACITY OF TOURIST AREAS Physical carrying capacity (PCC): the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated in a tourist area without causing damage or degradation of the area within a certain time. Ecological carrying capacity (RCC): the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated in a tourist area by taking into account the biotic and abiotic conditions of the environment in the tourist area as a correction or limiting factor. Effective carrying capacity (ECC): the number of tourists that can be accommodated in a tourist area where the tourist area remains sustainable based on the level of management available. Thank You!