National Integration

NATIONAL INTEGRATION A. Concept and National Integration In terms of language concept, the word integration comes from English, namely integration which means perfection, whole or can also mean unification, merging completely and comprehensively. National integration can be interpreted as a process of adjustment between all elements that are different in the life of society, so as to produce a national life pattern that has a harmonious function in the nation and state as a whole, comprehensive and integrated quoted from (httpsn//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/sosial integration, through editorial adaptation). National Integration, can be defined as a reality of all ethnic entities that exist in a nation, and can adapt to unite and behave in conformity with the culture of the majority of society, but still maintain their respective cultures. The attitude and behavior of conformity of an ethnic group to the multicultural reality of society in Indonesia, greatly supports the maintenance of national integration. Because the attitude and behavior of conformity itself is an attitude and behavior that can adjust or adapt to different social and cultural norms. National Integration as stated in the Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language is, is "a manifestation of the integrity of the moral and ethical principles of the nation in national life". This definition contains the meaning that national integration is a complete unity and oneness of the Indonesian nation based on moral and ethical principles in national life based on the values of Pancasila which is the basis of the state, especially in the third principle, namely the Unity of Indonesia. Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, stated that National Integration is the process of unifying a nation that covers all aspects of its life, namely social, political, economic, and cultural aspects. Meanwhile Howard Wriggins, stated, National Integration is the unification of different parts of a society into a more complete whole/unity or combining small communities that are numerous into one nation. Myron Weiner, National Integration is the process of unifying various cultural and social groups into one territorial unit, in order to form a national identity. According to Soedjati Djiwandono, National Integration is a way in which the preservation of National Unity in the broad sense can be reconciled with the right to self-determination. National integration is very important for the multicultural Indonesian nation, this is based on the reality of the socio-cultural life of the Indonesian nation which has a variety of cultures. Where this diversity, if not attempted through national integration, will potentially cause social conflict which in turn leads to national disintegration. Therefore, the urgency of national integration needs to be a priority in building togetherness in the life of the Indonesian nation, in order to uphold the unity and integrity of the nation. The urgency of national integration in the life of the Indonesian nation has three important aspects, including: 1) National integration as a control against social conflict, namely through the principle of national integration we as the Indonesian nation must be able to accept the differences that exist in various social diversities. By accepting differences and social diversity, both in terms of ethnicity, position, status, role and existing social strata, national integration can control and at the same time minimize the occurrence of these social conflicts. 2) National integration as a control against social deviations in a social system of a particular ethnic entity. According to the views of functionalists (Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton etc.) that a society is always integrated on the growth of a consensus (agreement) among most members of society about fundamental and basic social values, which apply in that society. Thus, through national integration, it can control the existence of social deviations that can cause violations of the values and social norms that apply in a social entity. 3) National integration as an effort to make all ethnic entities in Indonesia, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Batak, Padang, Aceh, Ambonese, Papuan, etc., remain united in the unity of the nation of Bhineka Tunggal Ika. Thus, through the above efforts, it is hoped that the existing ethnic entities will continue to uphold the principle of national integration based on the third principle of Pancasila, namely the Unity of Indonesia. Thus, if a conflict occurs between existing ethnic entities, it must be immediately neutralized by the principle of Bhineka Tunggal Ika and shared loyalty to the nation and the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). B. Historical Basis of National Integration 1. Historical basis of National Integration As for the basic historical aspects of national integration, namely by tracing historical events that occurred in the past, which can be lessons for the life of the Indonesian nation in strengthening national integration and national unity. In this regard, the historical aspect of national integration can be studied in the historical period of the Nusantara kingdom era (the Sriwijaya and Majapahit kingdoms), the national movement era, the independence era, the old order, the new order, and the reformation order. a) The Sriwijaya kingdom era, which lasted from approximately the 7th to the 12th century (671 AD to 1183 AD). At that time, Sriwijaya became a symbol of the glory of the largest Nusantara kingdom, under the rule of the first influential King, namely Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanaga. The Sriwijaya kingdom was able to integrate the Nusantara region including Sumatra, Java, Bangka Island, even to Cambodia, South Thailand, Champa (now Vietnam), and Malaya (now Malaysia). This great empire can be a reference for nationalists to show that the current Indonesian state, in the past when the Nusantara Sriwijaya kingdom was centered in Palembang, was a large and highly respected state unit. If analyzed in the context of discussing the historical aspects of national integration, then the golden age of the Srivijaya kingdom is a valuable lesson for the Indonesian people, that how great the Srivijaya King was in being able to survive for five centuries. What lessons can you learn, so that the historical aspects underlying the glory of Srivijaya can strengthen the unity of the Indonesian nation through more solid national integration? Discuss with your classmates, to be able to extract the important meaning of national integration, through the past historical events of the Srivijaya kingdom. b) The Majapahit Kingdom, 1293 AD, to 1500 AD, namely at the end of the 13th century to the 15th century. A large kingdom centered in the Trowulan area, Mojokerto, near the Brantas River, East Java. This kingdom reached the peak of its glory as a great empire and controlled a vast area in the archipelago during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk, who ruled from 1350 to 1389, with the very famous Patih Gajah Mada. The Majapahit Kingdom covered the entire archipelago, and is considered the largest kingdom in Indonesian history. According to the book Negara Kertagama (2009), Majapahit covered an area stretching from Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, the Nusa Tenggara Islands, Maluku, Papua, Tumasik (Singapore) and part of the Philippine Islands. This shows the widest territorial boundaries which are also the peak of the glory of the Majapahit Empire. The Majapahit Kingdom was able to integrate its very large territory, especially during the heyday of King Hayam Wuruk with his famous Patih, Gajah Mada. Gajah Mada's strong determination to integrate the entire archipelago through his famous oath, namely the Palapa Amuktya Oath. The contents of the Palapa oath are that Gajah Mada will not enjoy delicious food (fasting), if the entire archipelago cannot be united c) The National Movement Era, occurred in the early 20th century, namely in 1908. This period is often referred to as the initial national momentum. From this momentum, step by step national integration pioneered by national movement fighters through the Budi Utomo organization (May 20, 1908) and other national movement organizations such as Syarekat Islam (SI), wanted to realize a stronger national integration in a state forum. National movement figures wanted to fight for national integration in a new unity, namely the independent, united, sovereign, just and prosperous Indonesian nation in the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The next step, the youth figures pledged together through the Youth Pledge on October 28, 1928. Through the Youth Pledge, it further emphasized a strong determination to realize national integration to have one language, one nation, and one homeland, namely Indonesia. d) Independence Era, national integration during this period, was based on the spirit and movement of the Indonesian nation that had succeeded in seizing independence which was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. At that time the Indonesian nation became an independent nation, and equal to other nations. The national movement had succeeded in forming an Indonesian nation. Politically, the proclamation of independence was a statement by the Indonesian nation to all nations in the world, that Indonesia was independent, free from the shackles of colonialism, the Indonesian nation was equal to other nations in the world. From a socio-political perspective, the Proclamation of Independence on August 17, 1945 was a "momentum of national integration" for the Indonesian nation, namely from a society spread out with various social and cultural patterns towards one nation, namely the Indonesian nation. Politically and socio-culturally, what differences occurred for the Indonesian nation before and after the Proclamation of Independence? What factors drove integration in Indonesia? Discuss with your friends in class, in groups, then present them in front of the class by representatives from each group. For the Indonesian nation, the proclamation was the initial momentum for national integration, but the next hard work that must be carried out is how to maintain national integration from all these different elements so that they remain strong and united in a strong and steady Indonesian national unity.