Language Acquisition Stages

1. As Children learn a language, what aspect of language do they learn first? a. The phonology of the language b. The pragmatics of the language c. The semantics of the language d. The syntax of the language 2. Social learning theorists suggest that the differential treatment of boys and girls (by parents and other adults) influences children’s sex-type behaviors. What does the evidence show? a. Parents provide more encouragement for sons to achieve than daughters b. Parents show more warmth and responsiveness to their daughters. c. In many ways, boys and girls don’t appear to be treated differently. d. Parents interact more with their sons than with their daughters. 3. The attachment system between an infant and caregivers serves three purposes including which of the following? a. Social adjustment b. Protection c. Cognitive stimulation d. Behavior control 4. Developmentalists’ definition of self-concept includes all of the following descriptors EXCEPT: a. Hierarchical structure b. Unidimensional c. Dynamic and changing d. Multifaceted 5. When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is working in his or her a. Area of representational thought b. Preoperational stage c. Zone of scaffolding d. Zone of proximal development 6. When a child has repeated experiences with one kind of event, such as going to a ball game several times or going to the doctor several times, the child begins to form a schematic representation of the features of the event—the order in which things occur. Such an episodic representation is called what? a. Nondeclarative information b. A script c. A sensory input d. A sensory output 7. Which of the following discipline methods is most likely to generate both immediate compliance and very high levels of anxiety? a. Withdrawal of love b. Power assertion c. Neglectfulness d. Induction 8. Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity? a. The 3-year-old’s brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size. b. Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories c. Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy. d. Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light. 9. Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include a. Standing with support, reaching for objects, visual preferences for faces b. Sitting without support, playing with simple toys, 20/20 vision. c. Crawling, scribbling with a crayon, interpreting facial expressions. d. Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects 10. Jean Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory is based on stages of reasoning and understanding ability (cognition). Which stage describes the cognition of children during most of their years of schooling from elementary through middle school (typically ages 7 through 12)? a. Operational b. Formal operational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational 11. According to recent views, the “Me” includes the material self, social self, and spiritual self. These aspects of self are defined by which term? a. Self-efficacy b. Self-esteem c. Self-advocacy d. Self-concept 12. Which type of memory has the same unchanging capacity at different ages of development? a. Sensory memory b. Procedural memory c. Working memory d. Short-term memory 13. If a mother responds promptly to her baby’s crying and baby’s other signals, shows sensitivity and consistency, and holds the baby often, what quality of attachment is most likely to develop between mother and baby? a. Disoriented b. Secure c. Avoidant d. Anxious 14. Which of the following widely held assumptions about children’s cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget? a. Children passively absorb information b. Children construct their knowledge c. Knowledge is funneled into children d. Children are blank slates receiving knowledge 15. How long can the consequences of prenatal malnutrition affect an individual? a. Until nutrition is balanced b. Through infancy c. Throughout life d. Until birth 16. Children use various strategies to protect their self-esteem. Who is likely to exhibit the highest level of self-protection? a. Child who is highly successful athletically b. Child who is highly successful academically c. Child with low self-esteem d. Child with high self-esteem 17. Which of the following illustrates that infants have natural strategies for coping with their emotions? a. Baseline episode b. Positive affect system c. Still-face paradigm d. Negative affect system 18. Tiffany is 3 years old. She knows that she is a girl, and she expects to be a girl tomorrow, but she does not understand that her gender is permanent. She believes that cutting her hair short could change her gender. Tiffany has ____ but not _____ . a. Gender identity/ gender stability b. Gender constancy/ gender stability c. Gender constancy/ Gender identity d. Gender stability/ Gender constancy 19. What part of the brain is the largest, including the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum, and limbic system structures? a. Cerebellum b. Midbrain c. Hindbrain d. Forebrain 20. When the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects? a. Heart b. Central Nervous system c. Parasympathetic nervous system d. Sympathetic Nervous system 21. The use of time-out as a method of control with toddlers and preschoolers involves which of the following? a. Love withdrawal b. Fear c. Power assertion d. Neglect 22. Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people’s intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on. This field of study is referred to as a. Theory of mind b. Preoperational thought c. Cognitive development d. Concrete operational thought