Attitudes - Social Test Bank 2 Part 1

ATTITUDES MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. AtÝtudes are best understood as a. being either entirely positive or entirely negative. b. being initially positive but increasingly negative as new information arises. c. varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions. d. ranging on a continuum from positive to negative. ANS: C 2. Which of the following would not be considered an atÝtude? a. Darnell likes to play chess. b. Daphne hates liver. c. Daisy strongly favours universal health insurance. d. Dalton drives a silver minivan. ANS: D 3. The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an atÝtude that is both _____ and _____. a. b. c. d. strong; mixed in terms of positive versus negative valence weak; extremely positive inconsistent over time; strong consistent over time; weak ANS: A 4. Jaycie is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues and moral concerns. Jaycie is high in the a. b. c. d. need for cognition. need for evaluation. evaluative conditioning. cognitive dissonance. ANS: B 5. AtÝtudes are useful because they a. allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad. b. bias the way we interpret new information. c. make it more likely that we will change our minds later. d. allow us to take more time to evaluate others. ANS: A 6. Sammy and Mark watched a ballgame together. Sammy favoured the home team, while Mark was an avid fan of the road team. The star player for Sammy’s team made a great play and started to celebrate in a rather demonstrative fashion. Sammy got caught up in the celebration, while Mark was angered because he felt this display was an insult to the players of his team. This demonstrates that a. two people’s evaluations of the same event are more likely to be similar than to be different. b. we often interpret events and behaviour based upon pre-existing atÝtudes. c. central route processing leads to stronger opinions than peripheral route processing. d. we can hold both positive and negative evaluations about the same object. ANS: B 7. Public opinion pollsters, in trying to assess atÝtudes about particular subjects, have become aware that atÝtude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except a. the context in which the question appears. b. the wording of the question. c. the order of the questions. d. the length of the questionnaire. ANS: D 8. The most direct and straightforward way to assess an atÝtude is thro ugh the use of a. covert measures. b. implicit measures. c. self-report measures. d. behavioural observation. ANS: C 9. Shaniqua plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements. She is using a. b. c. d. a Likert scale. the luncheon technique. a categorical matrix. an agreement index. ANS: A 10. One potential problem with self-report measur es is that a. they do not provide information concerning the intensity of an atÝtude. b. they do not provide information concerning the direction of an atÝtude. c. respondents might not respond truthfully. d. it is not possible to assess the validity of self-report measures. ANS: C 11. Jacqueline, an atÝtude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She would be welladvised to use a a. b. c. d. Likert scale because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects. bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects. Likert scale because it is more likely to be affected by social desirability. bogus pipeline because it is more likely to be affected by social desirability. ANS: B 12. One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of atÝtudes is to a. b. c. d. offer many, rather than fewer, response options. use a single atÝtude scale, rather than multiple scales. focus on atÝtudes regarding sensitive and personal issues. convince respondents that any deception can be detected. ANS: D 13. Which of the following is not used to overcome the limitations of traditional self-report methodology? a. b. c. d. Bogus pipeline Likert scale Facial electromyograph Covert videotaping ANS: B 14. Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that a. students revealed the intensity, but not the direction, of their atÝtudes through their body language. b. students’ self-reported atÝtudes did not agree with their observed atÝtudes. c. students signalled their atÝtudes by nodding or shaking their heads. d. horizontal head movements indicate agreement, whereas vertical head movements indicate disagreement. ANS: C 15. When used to measure atÝtudes, physiological measures such as heart rate and perspiration a. are particularly susceptible to social desirability bias. b. reveal the intensity of an atÝtude. c. reveal whether an atÝtude is positive or negative. d. are easier to control than behaviours such as nodding. ANS: B 16. Measuring atÝtudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the _____ but not the _____ of the atÝtude. a. b. c. d. intensity; direction direction; accuracy accuracy; intensity direction; automaticity ANS: A 17. Cacioppo and Petty (1981) recorded facial muscle activity of college students as they listened to a message with which they agreed or disagreed. The results of thi s study indicated that listening to a(n) _____ message increases activity in the _____. a. b. c. d. disagreeable; cheek muscles disagreeable; chin muscles agreeable; cheek muscles agreeable; muscles in the forehead and brow area ANS: C 18. Which of the following concerning the use of facial electromyography (EMG) to assess atÝtudes is true? a. Facial EMG can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye. b. Facial EMG does not provide information about the direction of atÝtudes. c. One problem with using facial EMG is that the same pattern of activity could be interpreted as happiness or sadness. d. Facial EMG is only an accurate measure of atÝtudes if people know their atÝtudes are being assessed, so it is susceptible to the same social desirability biases as self-reports. ANS: A 19. The covert atÝtude measure that uses electrodes pasted onto the scalp to record the waves of electrical brain activity is called a(n) a. facial electromyograph. b. bogus pipeline. c. electroencephalograph. d. implicit association test. ANS: C 20. An atÝtude is implicit if you a. try to hide it. b. are not aware of it. c. cannot measure it. d. disagree with it. ANS: B 21. Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit atÝtudes by measuring a. the participants’ mood after responding to word pairings. b. the time it takes participants to complete the whole test. c. participants’ facial muscles as they are exposed to positive or negative stimuli. d. the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word. ANS: D 22. Implicit atÝtudes can be difÏcult to measure because a. people are not aware of having them. b. physiological measures are not effective in assessing them. c. they can only be measured by direct techniques. d. they are prone to the effects of social desirability. ANS: A 23. Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which of the following strategies would best e nable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael? a. b. c. d. Ask them why they don’t want to play with him Measure the girls’ brain activity when they are forced to play with Michael Administer an IAT to examine the girls’ racial atÝtudes Administer a self-report questionnaire examining the girls’ racial atÝtudes ANS: C 24. For which type of atÝtude would an implicit atÝtude measure be more predictive than an explicit attitude measure? a. AtÝtude toward Steven Adams b. AtÝtude toward owning a pet c. AtÝtude toward church attendance d. AtÝtude toward commitÝng suicide ANS: D 25. Research on the atÝtudes of twins suggests a. that genetics are not useful in predicting the atÝtudes different people will hold. b. the atÝtudes of identical twins are more similar than the atÝtudes of fraternal twins. c. the atÝtudes of twins who are reared apart from one another are more dissimilar than the atÝtudes of twins raised together in the same household. d. that the first-born twin is likely to be more conservative than the second-born twin, even when their births are only separated by minutes. ANS: B 26. The hypothesis that there is a genetic component to some atÝtudes would be supported by the finding that a. atÝtudes of identical twins are more similar than those of fraternal twins. b. adults who shared certain physiological characteristics also had common political beliefs. c. when asked about atÝtudes for which there seems to be a genetic predisposition, research participants were quicker to respond to questions and less likely to alter their views toward social norms. d. All of these ANS: D 27. The process by which we form an atÝtude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place or thing is called a. evaluative conditioning. b. persuasion. c. insufÏcient justification. d. psychological reactance. ANS: A 28. A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favour able toward his or her candidacy due to a. b. c. d. evaluative conditioning. inoculation. the sleeper effect. behavioural intent. ANS: A 29. Which of the following statements regarding LaPiere’s (1934) study of atÝtudes is false? a. Even though respondents who were asked self-report questions claimed that they would not be racially prejudiced, their behaviour showed clear discrimination. b. The study examined racial atÝtudes at a time when prejudice was much more overt and blatant than it is currently. c. LaPiere was not a psychologist. d. Over 90% of the respondents claimed that they would not offer service to a Chinese patron. ANS: A 30. Stephen Kraus’s (1995) meta-analysis on the relationship between atÝtudes and behaviour s showed that a. atÝtudes are only tenuously linked to behaviour. b. atÝtudes significantly and substantially predict future behaviour. c. atÝtudes significantly predict future behaviour, but it is a relatively small effect size. d. atÝtudes invariably predict future behaviour. ANS: B 31. Which of the following theories suggests that intentions to perform a behaviour are best predicted by atÝtudes toward the behaviour, subjective norms and perceived behaviour al control? a. b. c. d. Theory of planned behaviour Cognitive dissonance theory Self-perception theory Self-afÏrmation theory ANS: A 32. The theory of planned behaviour posits that behaviour is a function of atÝtudes, subjective norms, behavioural intentions and a. the amount of time we have considered engaging in the behaviour. b. the correspondence between the atÝtude and the behaviour. c. the amount of control we perceive to have over our behaviour. d. the costs of engaging in the behaviour. ANS: C 33. According to the theory of planned behaviour, one reason that a person’s behaviour might not be consistent with that person’s atÝtudes is that the behaviour a. is determined by norms that are consistent with the person’s atÝtudes. b. is one that the person feels is within his or her control. c. is determined by norms that are counter to the person’s atÝtudes. d. occurs only when the person is self-aware. ANS: C 34. Gloria has a negative atÝtude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behaviour, one reason that her atÝtude and behaviour are inconsistent could be that a. her atÝtude is based on feelings rather than beliefs. b. she doesn’t believe that she can control her smoking behaviour. c. her family and friends also have negative atÝtudes toward smoking. d. her atÝtudes are usually accessible when she reaches for a cigarette. ANS: B