Reflex, Operant Quiz Answers

A ______________ is behavior that is elicited by a biologically relevant stimulus while a/an _______________ is behavior controlled by its consequences. Reflex, operant According to Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968), what is the difference between basic and applied behavior analysis? Basic research is likely to look at any behavior and any variable, and applied research looks at variables that could improve behavior Learning refers to: The acquisition of behavior, The change in behavior as a result of events, The maintenance of behavior The behavior of an organism: Is everything an organism does, including thinking and feeling Analysis of behavior becomes experimental when it involves: The manipulation of a condition to see how behavior is affected Which of the following statements best describes the goals of behavior analysis? Describe the principles and rules of behavior, apply them across species, and develop technologies for behavior change Applied behavior analysis is: The use of behavior principles to solve practical problems In operant conditioning, a stimulus that reliably precedes an operant response (SD) is said to: Set the occasion for the response Which of the following is not an example of operant conditioning: Flinching slightly when the nurse tells you that they are about to give you a shot Behavior analysts recognize the importance of _____________________, but tend to focus more on ____________________. Biology; environment Skinner's model of selection by consequences assumes that behavior: Naturally varies in form and frequency Skinner argued that internal events such as feelings, thoughts, and intentions: Are behaviors that need to be explained The idea that successful behaviors will increase in likelihood while unsuccessful behaviors will decrease in likelihood was first described in: Thorndike's law of effect According to a behavior analyst, thinking is: Private behavior that can be explained using the same principles as public behavior The term _____________refers to behavior that is elicited and the term ____________ refers to behavior that is emitted: Respondent; operant Any stimulus (or event) that follows a response and increases its frequency is said to have: A reinforcement function In functional analysis, positive and negative reinforcers are examples of: Stimulus classes In terms of behavior-environmental relations, establishing operations: (choose all that apply) Increase the momentary effectiveness of reinforcement and Increase momentarily responses that have produced reinforcement The variable manipulated by the experimenter is the ______________ and the measured effect is the ______________. Independent; dependent In terms of the reversal design and behavioral experiments: The design is used in single-subject experiments, The B-phase is the experimental manipulation, The A-phase is called the baseline Functional analysis involves classifying behavior according to ____________, and analyzing the environment in terms of _________. Response functions; stimulus functions A(n) ____________ refers to all of the forms of a behavior that have a similar function. Response class When stimuli vary physically but have a common effect on behavior, they are part of the same ___________. Stimulus class Negative reinforcers: Increase behavior when removed Which of the following would be an example of an abolishing operation (AO) for eating? Smelling rancid food A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one-month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a first-grade classroom with extended recess time a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the amount of recess time would be considered: The independent variable Which of the following is not one of the conditions tested by Iwata and associates (1994) in their functional analysis of the cause of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in children with developmental disabilities? Peer interaction Max conducted a study in which he moved the recycling bin in the hallway close to the classroom door for a week and then a week with the recycling bin about 10 feet from the door of the classroom. The trash bin remained constant at about 5 feet from the classroom door. At the end of each day, Max measured the amount of recycling in the bin. What is the dependent variable for this study? The amount of trash in the recycling bin Which of the following would likely be the best research question to address using an A-B-A-B reversal design? The effect of extra credit on time spent studying for an exam When evaluating the immediacy of change in order to determine experimental control, behavioral analysts recommend using the last ____________ sessions of baseline and the first _____________ sessions of the treatment phase. 3; 3 What defines a contingency of reinforcement? Operant, Reinforcement, Discriminative stimulus Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic contingencies? Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement, Positive extinction, Negative punishment The Premack principle states that a higher-frequency behavior will: Function as reinforcement for a lower-frequency behavior Shaping of behavior involves: Reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the final performance Consider the following example: "Joanne is very fair skinned. In order to not get sunburned, she puts on sunscreen before she goes to the beach." This is an example of _______________. Negative reinforcement Consider the following example: "Bob is running late for work so he drives faster than usual. As a result of his increased speed, Bob is pulled over by a police officer and receives a ticket. The next time Bob is running late for work he drives the correct speed." This is an example of ____________. Positive punishment Consider the following example: "Kendra stays out two hours past curfew. As a result of her tardiness, her parents take away her privileges to go out for two weeks. The next time Kendra goes out, she makes sure to come home on time." This is an example of __________. Negative punishment In positive reinforcement, a stimulus is __________ and as a result behavior __________. Added; increases One of the main criticisms of behavioral rewards and reinforcement is the idea that __________. External rewards will lead to lower intrinsic motivation Skinner proposed that the basic datum (measure) for operant analysis should be: Rate An operant class is: All of the variations of behavior that produce the environmental changes required for reinforcement Before Frank could begin his research project, he had to train his rat to press the lever by reinforcing successive approximation of lever pressing. This technique is known as: Shaping Mex finds that his new dog will work really hard for bites of a doggy treat at the beginning of a training session, but appears to lose interest in the treats the more that Max gives to him. This is an example of: Satiation The extinction burst refers to: An increase in frequency of the behavior when extinction is first started In order to treat her son's frequent tantrums while out shopping, Ruby put his tantrum behavior on extinction by refusing to buy any treats when he tantrums in the store. This works and her son does not tantrum any more while shopping. Then, suddenly, the tantrum behavior reappears one day while they are out shopping. This reappearance of the previously extinguished behavior is an example of: Spontaneous recovery "Shooting a basketball consists of holding the ball in one hand while the knees are bent with feet shoulder-width apart, followed by pushing the feet into the floor, extending the arm, and flicking the wrist." This description is focusing on what element of behavior? Topography William (1959) found that the bedtime tantrum behavior of a 20-month-old was maintained by __________ and the parents' behavior of giving in to the tantrum was maintained by __________. Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement were first described by: B. F. Skinner Schedules that generate predictable stair-step patterns are: Fixed ratio Variable-ratio schedules generate: High rates of response If food is presented every time a pigeon pecks a key, then the behavior is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. Continuous A rat receives a pellet for the first response after 5 minutes regardless of how often they press the lever. This is an example of a(n) __________ schedule. Interval When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement: Ratio schedules produce a higher rate of response Maria is paid on Friday, every two weeks. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement. Fixed-interval A schedule that is made up of a series of alternately presented fixed-ratio (FR) schedules with the values FR5, FR10, FR20, FR25, and FR40 would be best described as: A variable-ratio 20 schedule Behavioral momentum: Refers to behavior that persist or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule of reinforcement too quickly often results in a stereotyped pattern of behavior that includes emotional responding and a failure to perform the required behavior. This pattern of behavior is referred to as: Ratio strain Principles of behavior like extinction, discrimination, and spontaneous recovery: Generalize across species For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape __________ the helplessness brought on by __________ aversive stimulation: Blocks; inescapable In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element is: Escape due to negative reinforcement Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result, she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of __________. Overcorrection The response cost procedure is an example of __________. Negative punishment In Coercion and Its Fallout, Sidman (2001) argues that coercion consists of both: Punishment and negative reinforcement Considering evidence gained by experimental behavior analysis, introducing spanking at a low intensity and gradually increasing intensity: Eventually creates a situation where an unreasonable intensity is necessary Punishers that have to be used repeatedly indicate: That they are ineffective and should be discontinued Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that: The more food deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher Giving an organism another way to obtain reinforcement will: Make punishment more effective If an organism emits an alternate behavior, that behavior can be seen as a(n) __________ if it occurs during punishment, and a(n) __________ if it prevents punishment. Escape behavior; avoidance behavior Which of the following environmental changes most influences responding during a timeout from avoidance procedure? The reduction in response effort during the timeout period When an aversive consequence is delivered to an individual, one possible side effect is that they retaliate in an aggressive manner toward the individual. This type of retaliatory behavior is known as: Operant aggression Contingencies of punishment: Do not teach or correct behavior As you are walking to class, you hear a classmate yell, "Give me my water, you stupid vending machine!" This is most likely: Extinction-induced aggression Which of the following outcomes suggests that social exclusion itself is found to trigger aggressive behavior? Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of noise at other participants, even when they knew the insult came from someone else Francine is disruptive to the class by talking to the students around her. The classroom teacher asks Francine to move to the far corner of the classroom, away from other students. This is an example of: Non-exclusionary timeout An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is __________ reinforced. Never In operant conditioning, the antecedent stimulus paired with reinforcement is called a/an __________. SD A shaping procedure whereby control gradually changes from one element to another is called __________. Fading When an __________ is presented, the probability of a response increases. When an __________ is presented, the probability of response decreases. SD; S-delta From a behavior analysis standpoint, a failure to learn is most likely caused by: Problems with the contingency of reinforcement When organisms respond in one setting and not another they are __________. When they behave similarly, they are __________ across circumstances. Discriminating; generalizing One possible drawback of the errorless training method is: When the reinforcement contingency is changed, the organism often continues to respond based on their initial training The operant procedure of fading involves: Gradually changing the value or dimensions of a controlling stimulus Which of the following would we expect from a participant that passes a test for generalized identity matching? They can correctly match to sample when novel exemplars are presented Concept formation studies demonstrate that nonhuman animals: Can be trained to respond to abstract properties of objects (such as humanness, gender) Responding "8" to the prompt "3 + 5" and "15" to the prompt "3 X 5" is an example of: Conditional discrimination Which of the following is NOT true regarding errorless discrimination training? Errorless discrimination training is good in contexts where you wish to switch the functions for the discriminative stimulus and s-delta When approaching an intersection with a stop light while driving a car, the presence of a green light acts as a __________ for pushing the accelerator and as a __________ for pushing the brake. Discriminative stimulus; s-delta When the show Sesame Street presents a series of pictures on the screen and the jingle "One of These Things Is Not Like the Others" plays, the audience is being asked to: Make a simultaneous discrimination In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with __________. The distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement When the response is continuous rather than discrete, use a matching equation for __________. Time spent on each alternative Behavioral economics involves the use of __________. Economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choice From a behavior analysis standpoint, drug addiction is the product of __________. Operant choice To investigate choice and preference, it is important that the organism be presented with __________ schedules of reinforcement. Concurrent As relative rate of reinforcement __________, the relative rate of response __________. Increases; increases Delay discounting involves decisions between __________ and __________ rewards. Small, immediate; large, delayed A rat placed in a chamber with two response levers, each operating on a variable-interval schedule and with one that pays off approximately 5 reinforcers per minute and a second that pays off approximately 10 reinforcers per minute, will most likely distribute its behavior as: 67% of responses to the lever that gives 10 reinforcers per minute Using the matching relation, predict the distribution of responses between a key with a fixed-ratio 40 requirement and one with a fixed-ratio 60: 100% of responses to the fixed-ratio 40 schedule Backward chaining involves: Teaching the final component or link first On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and the unconditioned reinforcement: The less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcer According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer: Is produced by pairing a conditioned reinforcer with more than one unconditioned reinforcer If you train a rat to receive a food pellet every time you play a particular song, the foo pellet is __________ and the tune is __________. An unconditioned reinforcer; a conditioned reinforcer Which of the following would reduce the effectiveness of a conditioned reinforcer? Increase the delay between the presentation of the conditioned and the unconditioned reinforcer Token economies are most effective at maintaining behavior after the treatment program ends when they: Are slowly and systematically faded In terms of generalized imitation, which of the following are true? Generalized imitation provides an account of imitation after a delay Rule-following is __________ regulated by __________ of reinforcement. Behavior; contingencies A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by: Social conditioning that involves reinforcement from the parents In regards to imitation: It is possible to train imitation through reinforcement Behaviorally, we could define lying as lack of correspondence between: Doing and saying For Skinner (1969), rules are: Verbal descriptions of the operating contingencies Du and Greer (2014) found that 2- to 4-year old children with autism who failed to learn generalized imitation in face-to-face interactions were successful in establishing generalized imitation when: A mirror was used to display the modeled action __________ introduced the term verbal behavior to deal with the __________ of the speaker. Skinner; performance When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are __________. Intraverbal If the picture of a dog, the spoken word of "dog," and the written word dog all regulate the same behavior, we say that the stimulus classes are __________. Equivalent Verbal behavior refers to: Gestures, vocal, written, and signed behavior In the realm of communication, Skinner: Referred to behavior of the listener as rule-governed behavior and verbal behavior as the performance of the speaker Saying "This is a fat cat" to the spoken stimulus "This is a fat cat" is an example of a(n): Echoic response The logical statement "If a dog is a mammal and mammals have fur, then a dog must have fur" is an example of: Transitivity Which of the following is NOT one of the five categories of autoclitics discussed by Skinner: Formal