Answer Key
Chapter 13 - Developmental Perspective on Psychological Disorders
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University:
California State University, Northridge -
Course:
PSY 690A | Advanced Sensation and Perception Academic year:
2023
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Views:
248
Pages:
32
Author:
Alma Stephenson
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Chapter 13
1.Althoughnotclassifiedasdevelopmentaldisorders,manypsychologicaldisorderscanbeconsidered
developmentalbecausethey
a. appearearlyinlifeandchangeoverthelifespan.
b. haveageneticcomponent.
c. lackbiologicalcausesandareinfluencedbylearning.
d. areuniquetochildren.
ANSWER:
a
2.Themajorreasonthatdevelopmentaldisordersareconsideredtobesoseriousintermsoftheircapacityto
disruptlaterfunctioningis
a.thefactthatmedicationsusedinchildrencanhavelong-termeffects.
b.theimpactthattheyhaveonfamilyfunctioning.
c.thatthepurelybiologicalnatureofdevelopmentaldisordersleadstosubsequentdevelopmental
failures.
d.thatfailuretodevelopatonelevelisthoughttoinhibitlaterstagesofdevelopment.
ANSWER:
d
3.Johnnyisatwo-year-oldboywhohasnomotivationtointeractwithotherpeople.Hisabsenceofinterestin
peoplemayalsoleadtoseveredeficitsinhisabilityto
a.
eatanddrink.
b.
think.
c.
communicate.
d.
walk.
ANSWER:
c
4.Themainreasonthatitissoimportanttoidentifychildrenwithdevelopmentaldisordersasearlyaspossible
isthat
a. medicationsaremosteffectivewhenadministeredatanearlystageofthedisorder.
b. skilldeficitscanbeidentifiedandaddressedbeforetheyimpactlaterdevelopment.
c. familyfunctioningoftendeclinesasthedevelopmentaldisorderprogresses.
d. childrenaremorereceptivetotherapywhentheyareyoung.
ANSWER:
b
5.OneofthemostcommonreasonsthatchildrenarereferredformentalhealthservicesintheUnitedStatesis
a.
ADHD.
b. autism.
c.
pervasivedevelopmentaldisorder.
d. stuttering.
ANSWER:
a
6.InordertobediagnosedwithADHD,________mustbepresent. Name
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a. hyperactivebehaviorthatalternateswithperiodsofdistraction
b. eitherapatternofinattentionorapatternofhyperactivityandimpulsivity
c. bothpatternsofinattentionandhyperactivity/impulsivity
d. noneofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
7.TheinattentionsymptomofADHDischaracterizedby
a. carelessmistakes.
b. fidgeting.
c. notwaitingone’sturntoanswerquestions.
d. allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
b
a
8.WhichofthefollowinghavebeenfoundtobeapredictoroflaterbehaviorproblemsinchildrenwithADHD?
a.
Aspecificgeneticmutation
b.
Lowbirthweight
c.
Hostilehomeenvironment
d.
Allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
d
9.GirlswithADHAtendtodisplaymorebehaviorsreferredtoas
a.
rumination.
b.
internalizing.
c.
self-rejection.
d.
covertself-analysis.
ANSWER:
10.TheratioofboystogirlsforADHDis
a. aboutequal,or1:1.
b. approximately2boystoevery1girl.
c. approximately3boystoevery1girl.
d. morethan10boystoevery1girl.
ANSWER:
11.WhichbestdescribesthewayADHDdevelopsaschildrengrowintoadulthood?
a. ChildrentendtooutgrowADHD.
b. ChildrentendtooutgrowADHD.
c. Symptomsremainrelativelystablethroughoutthelifespanformostindividuals.
d. ManifestationsofADHDtendtochangeovertime,butproblemsoftenpersist.
ANSWER:
b
c
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12.NeurotransmittersimplicatedinthecauseofADHDincludeallofthefollowingEXCEPT
a.
dopamine.
b.
endorphin.
c.
norepinephrine.
d.
gamma-aminobutyricacid.
ANSWER:
b
13.Ofthefollowing,themostaccuratestatementwithregardtothegeneticinfluencesofADHDisthat
a. therearenoknowngeneticinfluences.
b. thereappearstobeasinglegeneinfluence.
c. thereappeartobemultiplegeneticinfluences.
d. defectsontheYchromosomearethemajorinfluence.
ANSWER:
c
14.Overtime,childrenwithADHAseemtobeless___________,although___________persists.
a.
energetic;inattention.
b.
inattentive;impulsivity
c.
impulsive;inattention
d.
energetic;impulsivity
ANSWER:
c
15.Inalongitudinalstudythatfollowed200boyswithADHDintoadulthood,researchersfoundthat
a. thesemenhadmoresocialproblemscomparedtothosewhoneverhadADHD.
b.thesemenhadlesseducationandvocationalsuccesscomparedtothosewhoneverhadADHD.
c. thesemenhadmoresubstanceuseproblemscomparedtothosewhoneverhadADHD.
d.allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
d
16.Aliciaispregnantandcontinuesto____________throughoutherpregnancy.Sheis______likelytohavea
childdiagnosedwithADHD.
a. smokecigarettes;less
b. consumehighamountsofsugar;more
c. smokecigarettes;more
d. consumelowamountsofsugar;less
ANSWER:
c
17.ThemedicationsthataregenerallyusedtotreatADHDhaveprovenparticularlyhelpfultomostpatientsin
a.temporarilyreducinghyperactivityandimpulsivityand/orimprovingconcentration.
b.reducinghyperactivityandimpulsivityand/orimprovingconcentration,withgainsmaintainedeven
afterthemedicationisdiscontinued. Name
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c.temporarilyanddrasticallychangingacademicperformanceandsocialization.
d.alteringthebiological“root”oftheproblemintermsofneurochemistry,leadingtogainsmaintained
afterthemedicationisdiscontinued.
ANSWER:
a
18.ThemedicationsthataregenerallyusedtotreatADHDoftenresultinunpleasantsideeffectsthatincludeall
ofthefollowingEXCEPT
a.
drowsiness.
b.
irritability.
c.
nausea.
d.
insomnia.
ANSWER:
c
19.Themedications—suchasRitalinandConcerta—generallyusedtotreatADHDareclassifiedas
a.
minorsedatives.
b.
depressants.
c.
stimulants.
d.
antidepressants.
ANSWER:
c
20.AllofthefollowingmedicationsareusedtotreatADHDEXCEPT
a.
Ritalin.
b.
Strattera.
c.
Adderall.
d.
Clozapine.
ANSWER:
d
21.Itisestimatedthat________%ofchildrenintheUnitedStatesarebeingtreatedforADHDwithstimulant
medications.
a.
2.5
b.
3.5
c.
4.5
d.
5.5
ANSWER:
b
22.ThedrugStrattera(atomoxetine)appearseffectiveforsomechildrenwithADHDand,accordingtorecent
research,doesnotcausethesame________asstimulantmedicationwhenusedinlargerdoses.
a.
intolerance
b.
withdrawalsymptoms
c.
“high”
d.
academicdisturbance Name
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ANSWER:
23.NonmedicationtreatmentsforADHDusuallyinvolve
a. interpersonalandfamilytherapy.
b. behavioralprogramsandparent-deliveredbehavioralinterventions.
c. brief,inpatienttreatmentataspecialtyhospital.
d. cognitive-behavioraltherapyanddietcontrol.
ANSWER:
c
b
24.Ronisanine-year-oldboyrecentlydiagnosedwithADHD.Hisparentshavechosenacombinedapproach
totreatment,whichwillmostlikelyinvolve
a. newexperimentalmedicationsandbehaviortherapy.
b. nomedication,butacombinationofbehavioraltherapyandparenttraining.
c. medicationsuchasRitalinandbehaviortherapy.
d. medicationsuchasRitalinandpsychoanalysis.
ANSWER:
c
25.RecentresearchhasdemonstratedallofthebelowregardingADHD’scausesEXCEPT
a.itisconsideredtobehighlyinfluencedbygeneticswitharelativelysmallroleplayedby
environmentalinfluences.
b.itisrelatedtointeractionsamongmultiplegenes.
c.itappearstoberelatedtotheneurotransmitterdopamine.
d.itisprimarilyduetophysicalbraindamage.
ANSWER:
d
26.BehavioraltreatmentsforADHDincludeallofthefollowingstrategiesEXCEPT
a. socialskillstraining.
b.reinforcementprogramsinvolvingrewardsforgoodbehavior.
c. educationprogramsforteachingfamilieshowtorespondconstructivelytochild’sbehaviors.
d.educationprogramforteachingchildrenwithADHDhowtheirbehaviorsareharmful.
ANSWER:
d
27.Recentresearchhasshownthat
a. ADHDnaturallyresolvesitselfoverthelifespan.
b.ADHDiscausedbyasinglegenecalledDAT1.
c. thebrainofchildrenwithADHDis3%–4%percentsmallerthanchildrenwithoutADHD.
d.allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
28.ADHDisestimatedtooccurinabout____%ofschool-agechildrenworldwide.
a.
2
c Name
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b.
c.
d.
4
5
7
ANSWER:
c
29.Thestudyofhowyourgeneticmakeupinfluencesyourresponsetocertaindrugsisknownas
a.
gene-drugsplicing.
b.
genopsychology.
c.
psychopharmacogenetics.
d.
chemopsychology.
ANSWER:
c
30.Aspecificlearningdisorderisdefinedas
a.performanceinreading,writing,ormathsubstantiallybelowthelevelpredictedbytheindividual’s
age,IQ,andeducation.
b.anIQscorebelow70.
c.asubstandardIQscoreincomparisontotheindividual’sfamilyandeducationalbackground.
d.theexistenceofaneurologicaldeficitthatinterfereswiththeindividual’sabilitytoassimilatenew
information.
ANSWER:
a
31.RegardinggenderdifferencesinchildhoodADHD,studiessuggestthat
a. itisadifferentdisorderwhenitoccursinboysfromwhenitoccursingirls.
b. itmanifestsinthesamewayinboysandgirls,butismuchmorecommoninboys.
c. itmanifestssomewhatdifferentlyinboysandgirls.
d. itonlyoccursinboys,asmostgirls’ADHDsymptomsarenotclinicallysignificant.
ANSWER:
c
32.Whywoulditbeincorrecttosaythatindividualsdiagnosedwithlearningdisordersarenotintelligent?
a.Itwouldconfuselearningdisorderswithintellectualdisability.
b.Theconceptoflearningdisorderhasabsolutelynothingtodowithintelligence.
c.Learningdisorderscanbediagnosedinpeopleofbelow-average,average,orabove-average
intelligence.
d.Learningdisordersareonlydiagnosedinpeopleofhighintelligence.
ANSWER:
c
33.Whichlearningdisorderaffectsapproximately7%ofthepopulation?
a.
Writtenexpression
b.
Oralcommunication
c.
Mathematics Name
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d.
Reading
ANSWER:
34.AllofthefollowingareproblemsobservedtoresultfromlearningdisordersEXCEPT
a. lowemployment.
b. schooldropout.
c. drugabuse.
d. suicidalthoughtsandattemptedsuicide.
ANSWER:
d
c
35.Kenisa12-year-oldboyofaverageintelligence,asindicatedbyhisIQscores.Helovesschoolandworks
hardonhishomework.KenearnsanAineverysubjectexceptmath,wherehehasbeenachievinggradesinthe
C+range.Whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?
a.Kendoesnotappeartohavealearningdisorder,becausehisachievementisconsistentwith
expectationsbasedonhisintelligence.
b.Kenappearstohaveamathdisorderbecausehismathgradeissofarbelowhisothergrades.
c.Kenappearstohaveamathdisorderbecausethereisadiscrepancybetweenhisintelligenceandhis
achievementinmanysubjects
d.Kendoesnotappeartohavealearningdisorder,becausehehasshownthathecanachievewhenhe
wantsto.
ANSWER:
a
36.Samanthaisasixth-gradegirlwhohasgreatdifficultyinschool.Shepaysattentionandworkshardbut
appearstohavetroublerememberingfactsandconceptsthatshehasread.Beforewecandeterminewhether
Samanthahasalearningdisability,itismostimportanttoknowher
a.
familyhistory.
b.
socialskills.
c.
mathskills.
d.
IQ.
ANSWER:
d
37.WhichofthefollowingindividualsismostlikelytobediagnosedwithADHD?
a.
Bo,a10-year-oldboy
b.
Leah,aneight-year-oldgirl
c.
Jamal,a26-year-oldman
d.
Roana,a50-year-oldwoman
ANSWER:
38.Treatmentforlearningdisordersgenerallyinvolves
a.
stimulantmedication.
b.
educationalremediation.
a Name
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c.
d.
ANSWER:
familytherapy.
cognitive-behavioraltherapy.
b
39.Alvinisa10-year-oldboydiagnosedwithamathematicsdisorder.Histreatmentplanwillmostlikely
involve
a. teachinghimdifferentstrategiestocompensateforareaswherehehasdifficulty.
b. stimulantmedication.
c. developinganeducationalplanthatexemptshimfrommathematicsrequirements.
d. placinghiminaschoolforlearning-disorderedchildren.
ANSWER:
a
40.Oneapproachthathasreceivedconsiderableresearchsupportinassistingchildrenwiththeirproblems
relatedtolearningis
a.
drugtreatment.
b.
behaviormodification.
c.
directinstruction.
d.
enrichedinstruction
ANSWER:
c
41.Allofthefollowingwerepreviouslytypesofpervasivedevelopmentaldisorders,andnowfallunderthe
umbrellaofautismspectrumdisorder(ASD)EXCEPT
a.
autisticdisorder.
b.
Rett’sdisorder.
c.
Asperger’sdisorder.
d.
learningdisorder.
ANSWER:
d
42.Oneofthetwomajorcharacteristicsofautismspectrumdisorder(ASD)isimpairmentinsocial
communicationandinteraction.Theotheroneinvolves
a. restricted,repetitivepatternsofbehavior.
b. below-averageintelligencegiventheindividual’sageandeducation.
c. below-averageacademicachievementgiventheindividual’sintelligence.
d. significantperceptualdeficits.
ANSWER:
43.Oneofthemostcharacteristicpatternsforchildrenwithautismisthattheyaregenerally
a.
disinterestedinsocialsituations.
b.
veryintelligent.
c.
extremelytalkative.
d.
hyperactive.
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ANSWER:
a
44.Robinisathree-year-oldgirlwhoappearsdisinterestedinpeople.Shegenerallyinteractswithhermom
onlywhensheneedssomething.Insomeways,Robinseemstobeinterestedinhermotheronlyasatooltohelp
hergetwhatshewants.Robinwouldprobablybediagnosedwith
a.
autisticdisorder.
b.
Rett’sdisorder.
c.
Asperger’sdisorder.
d.
alearningdisorder.
ANSWER:
a
45.Four-year-oldSusanhasjustbeendiagnosedwithautism.Researchsuggeststhatherchancesofnever
developingspeechproficiencysufficienttocommunicateherneedsareabout____%.
a.
10
b.
25
c.
33
d.
75
ANSWER:
b
46.Therestrictedpatternofbehaviorgenerallyobservedinautisminvolves
a. repetitivemovements,suchasspinningincircles.
b. anintensepreferenceforkeepingthingsthesame.
c. inappropriatecommunicationpatterns.
d. alackofrecognitionofsignificantothers.
ANSWER:
b
47.AllofthefollowingaretypicalbehaviorsforchildrenwithautismEXCEPT
a. spinningawheelonatoytruckandstaringatitforhours.
b. throwingaloudtantrumwhenpreventedfromcarryingoutaritual.
c. becomingwildlyupsetwhenonetoywasremovedfromtheshelf.
d. performingcomplexmathcalculationsthatappearwellbeyondtheirabilities.
ANSWER:
d
48.Cross-culturalresearchhasindicatedthatautismis
a. universalacrossculturesandcountries.
b. predominantlyfoundintheUnitedStates.
c. predominantlyfoundinWesternculturesandcountries.
d. morecommoninwealthycountries.
ANSWER:
49.Mostindividualswithautismdevelopsymptomsofthedisorder
a Name
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a.
b.
c.
d.
atbirth.
byageone.
byagethree.
byteenyears.
ANSWER:
c
50.Intermsofthelevelofsupportthatwillbenecessaryforachildwithautism,whichfactorisusedasa
predictortodeterminetheprognosis?
a.
Ageofonset
b.
Severityofinitialsymptoms
c.
Rateofsymptomprogression
d.
IQ
ANSWER:
d
51.Monteisathree-year-oldboyrecentlydiagnosedwithautism.Heappearscompletelyunresponsivetohis
parentsandshowsnoindicationofanylanguagedevelopment.Monteseemsdisinterestedincommunicationof
anykindandhassignificantritualssuchaslininguphistoysandrealigningthemeveryfewminutes.He
becomeshystericalifanyoneinterruptshisritualisticactivity.OnanIQassessmentdesignedforveryyoung
children,Monte’sscorewasextremelylow.Hisprognosisispoorprimarilybecauseof
a. hislackoflanguageacquisitionandlowIQ.
b. hislowIQandearlyageofonset.
c. theearlyageofonsetandlackoflanguageacquisition.
d. hisritualisticbehavioranddisinterestinhisparents.
ANSWER:
a
52.Whichofthefollowingiscurrentlybeingresearchedasapossiblecauseofautism?
a. Theneuronalstructureofthehippocampus
b. Thelevelsoftheneuropeptideoxytocin
c. Themercuryusedasapreservativeinchildhoodvaccines
d. Allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
b
53.Researchers,studyingthebrainofindividualswithautism,suggestthatoneareaofthebrainthatmaybe
involvedwiththedisorderisthe
a.
brainstem.
b.
hypothalamus.
c.
amygdala.
d.
reticularformation.
ANSWER:
c
54.TheauthorsofthetextbookreportaninterviewwithapatientnamedRobertEdwards.Robert’slucid Name
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descriptionofhisinternalexperiencesreflects
a. hisdelusionalbehavior.
b. hislimitedcognitiveabilities.
c. abnormalsensoryexperiences.
d. hishighlylogicalandfactualthinking.
ANSWER:
d
55.Theabilitytoperform“computer-like”mathematicalcalculationsandotherincredibleskillsthatare
sometimesassociatedwithindividualswithautism(suchasseeninthecharacterinthemovieRainMan)are
a. nottypicalofthedisorder.
b. adefiningsymptomofthedisorder.
c. fairlycommonbutnotpresentineveryautisticindividual.
d. acompletemythandnotpossibleforanyautisticindividual.
ANSWER:
a
56.Whatisthemostcurrentstateofevidencetolinkchildhoodvaccinesandautismspectrumdisorder(ASD)?
a.Thereisnoevidencetosuggestthatvaccinescauseautism.
b.Thimerosal(achildhoodvaccine)isnotrelatedtoautism,butahigheroverallnumberofvaccines
receivedbyachildincreasesriskfordevelopingautism.
c.Vaccinesdonotcauseautism,buttheydospeedupthedevelopmentofsymptoms.
d.Certainvaccineshavebeenfoundtodirectlyinduceautism.
ANSWER:
a
57.Anappropriatetreatmentgoalforachildwithautismis
a. resolutionofallautisticsymptomsbyage18.
b. immediatecessationofritualisticbehaviors.
c. developmentofnormalsocialskillsbyage18.
d. reductionintantrumsandeventualdevelopmentofsomeself-careactivities.
ANSWER:
d
58.Moderntreatmentprogramsforautismgenerallyinvolve
a.
egodevelopment.
b.
cognitivebehavioraltherapy.
c.
anxietyreduction.
d.
basicskillstraining.
ANSWER:
d
59.Treatmentforautismismostsimilartothetreatmentfor
a. intellectualdisability.
b. learningdisorders. Name
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c.
d.
ANSWER:
personalitydisorders.
attention-deficithyperactivitydisorder.
a
60.Whichtreatmentapproachhasbeenmostclearlydocumentedasbenefittingchildrenwithproblemswith
communicationandsocialization?
a.
Pharmacologicaltreatment
b.
Behavioralapproaches
c.
Schooleducation
d.
Familysystemstherapy
ANSWER:
c
61.Whatistheconvincingevidencethatautisminvolvessomeformofbraindamage?
a. Nearlyhalfofindividualswithautismhavesomelevelofintellectualdisability.
b. Mostchildrenwithautismsufferedfromsomeformofbraintraumaatbirth.
c. Autismrunsinfamilies.
d. Autismdevelopsfairlyquicklyandatayoungage.
ANSWER:
a
62.ApproximatelywhatpercentageofindividualswithASDhaveintellectualdisabilities?
a.
12
b.
38
c.
57
d.
72
ANSWER:
b
63.OnemajordistinctionbetweenAsperger’sdisorderandautismisthat
a. Asperger’sdisorderisassociatedwithlongerlanguagedelaysandlowerIQ.
b. autismisassociatedwithsocialimpairment,andAsperger’sdisorderisnot.
c. autismdevelopsinearlychildhood,andAsperger’sdevelopsduringadolescence.
d. Asperger’sdisorderisnotassociatedwithseverelanguagedelays.
ANSWER:
d
64.Currently,scientists’mainfocusindevelopingbiologicaltreatmentsforautismspectrumdisorder(ASD)is
gearedtoward
a. findingpharmacologicaltreatmentsforspecificbehaviorsorsymptoms.
b. findingpharmacologicaltreatmentsforthecoreneurobiologicaldeficitsinautism.
c. developinggenetherapy.
d. refiningneurosurgicaltechniquespreviouslyusedforseizurepatients.
ANSWER:
a Name
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65.Somesuccesshasbeennotedinthedevelopmentofcommunicationskillsinautisticchildrenthroughthe
useof
a. modelingappropriatecommunication.
b. behavioralproceduresinvolvingshapinganddiscriminationtraining.
c. intensivetherapywherethepatientisplacedinmanysocialsituations.
d. stimulantmedications.
ANSWER:
b
66.Theresultsofbehavioraltreatmenttargetingthesocializationdeficitsofindividualswithautismhaveshown
a.noimprovement.
b.someimprovementinsocialskills,whichseemedtoimproveintellectualandeducational
functioning.
c.significantimprovementinsocialskillsandimprovedintellectualandeducationalfunctioning.
d.substantialimprovementinboththequantityandqualityofsocialskills.
ANSWER:
b
67.ChildrendiagnosedwithADHDtendtobe
a. childrendiagnosedwithADHDtendtobe
b. nomoreorlesspopularthanotherchildren.
c. unpopularwithotherchildren.
d. uninterestedinsocialization.
ANSWER:
c
68.BringingtheinstructionforchildrenwithASDawayfromadeskwithonechildandoneteachertoregular
settingsathome,inschool,andinthecommunityisknownasapplying
a.
naturalisticteachingstrategies.
b.
pivotalresponsetraining.
c.
incidentalteaching.
d.
milieuteaching.
ANSWER:
a
69.IndividualswithASDsometimesrepeatthespeechofothersinapatterncalled
a.
backspeech.
b.
repeatlistening.
c.
echolalia.
d.
mockingspeech.
ANSWER:
c
70.Researchsuggeststhatinterventionforautismmaybemosteffectiveforsignificantchangeincore
symptomsifitbegun
a.
whenchildrenareveryyoung. Name
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b.
c.
d.
ANSWER:
duringadolescence.
atpuberty.
inadulthood.
a
71.Accordingtoresearch,theintellectualandeducationalimprovementsofthechildrenwithautismmade
appearedtobe
a. transient.
b. fairlypermanent.
c. littledifferentfromthecontrolgroup,thusclinicallyinsignificant.
d. littledifferentfromthecontrolgroup,butstillstatisticallysignificant.
ANSWER:
b
72.Sunealisaneight-year-oldboywithautismwhoseparentshavejustbeeninformedthattheirsonwillbe
placedinaregularclassroomandprovidedwithwhateverspecialsupportheneeds.Suneal’sparentsshould
a.insistonaspecialeducationclassroom,sinceresearchsuggeststhisisbestforchildrenwithautism.
b.considerchangingschools,becauseitisobviousthatJake’sschoolknowsnothingabouttheneeds
ofautisticchildrenwithautism.
c.berelievedthatJake’sautismmustbeverymild,sincetheschoolwouldnotplaceachildwith
significantautisticdeficitsinaregularclassroom.
d.bepleased,sinceteachingstrategiestohelpASDstudentslearnarebeingusedinregular
classrooms.
ANSWER:
d
73.Medicationtreatmentforautismhasbeenfoundtobe
a. mildlyeffective.
b. generallyineffective.
c. generallyeffective.
d. highlyeffectiveinitially,thoughthebenefitsofmedicationdecreaseovertime.
ANSWER:
b
74.Generallyspeaking,thetreatmentforachildwithautismshouldinvolve
a.behavioraltherapy,school-basededucation,andafocusondevelopingasmuchindependenceas
possible.
b.behavioraltherapy,homeschooling,andafocusondevelopingasmuchindependenceaspossible.
c.cognitivetherapy,school-basededucation,andafocusondevelopingasmuchindependenceas
possible.
d.afocusonprovisionsforlong-termcustodialcareandbehavioraltherapy.
ANSWER:
a
75.TeachinganindividualwithASDtomakearequestbypointingtoapictureofacupwhenmakingarequest Name
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foradrink,orusingacomputertablettoplaycompletesentenceswhenabuttonispushedareexamplesof
a. rotebehaviortraining.
b. augmentativecommunicationstrategies.
c. stimulus-responsetraining.
d. reactive-stimulusstrategies.
ANSWER:
b
76.Intellectualdisabilityisdefinedas
a. significantlybelow-averageintellectualability.
b. significantlybelow-averageintellectualabilityandadaptivefunctioning.
c. significantdeficitsinself-careabilitiesandsocialinteraction.
d. alowIQscore.
ANSWER:
b
77.WhichistrueregardingtheprognosisforchildrenwithASD?
a. IQisnotpredictiveoflaterfunctioning.
b. HigherIQisgenerallyassociatedwithbetterfunctioninglaterinlife.
c. HigherIQisgenerallyassociatedwithlowerfunctioninglaterinlife.
d. HigherIQpredictsbettervocationalfunctioning,butnotbettersocialfunctioning.
ANSWER:
b
78.Thediagnosticcriteriaforintellectualdisabilityincludeanassessmentofadaptivefunctioning,becausean
IQscoreis
a. notameasureofintelligence.
b. aninsufficientmeasureofimpairment.
c. asufficientmeasureofimpairment.
d. alwayshighlyinaccurate.
ANSWER:
b
79.Whichisthemostaccuratestatementregardingthecausesofintellectualdisability?
a. Itiscausedbygenetics.
b. Ithasfourknowncauses.
c. Itiscausedbyeithersubstancesortrauma.
d. Ithashundredsofknowncauses.
ANSWER:
80.TheapproximatecutoffIQscoreof70–75fordefiningintellectualdisabilityisbasedon
a. astatisticalconcept.
b. qualitativedifferenceinindividualswithIQscoresbelow70.
c. neurobiologicaldeficitsthatareonlyreflectedinIQscoresbelow70.
d Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
d. afairlyarbitrarylinedrawnbetweenintellectualdisabilityandnormalintellect
ANSWER:
81.Causesforintellectualdisabilityinclude
a.
prenatalinfluences.
b.
postnatalinfluences.
c.
perinatalinfluences.
d.
allofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
a
d
82.Downsyndromeiscausedby
a.
anextra21stchromosome.
b.
amissing21stchromosome.
c.
lackofoxygenatbirth.
d.
unknowninfluences.
ANSWER:
a
83.FragileXsyndrome
a. iscausedbytoomanyXchromosomesonagene.
b. issimilartoLesch-Nyhansyndrome.
c. primarilyaffectsmales.
d. allofthesearecorrect.
ANSWER:
c
84.Theformoftreatmentthathasbeenfoundtobemostsuccessfulforindividualswithintellectualdisabilityis
a. interpersonaltherapy.
b. behavioralapproachtoskillstraining.
c. medication.
d. thecognitiveapproachtoself-careactivities.
ANSWER:
b
85.Biologicaltreatmentsofintellectualdisabilityarecurrently
a. notaviableoption.
b. gainingpopularity.
c. underinvestigationbytheNIH.
d. effectivebutwithsignificantsideeffects.
ANSWER:
86.ResearchregardingearlyinterventionprogramssuchasHeadStartindicatesthatsuchprograms
a. areineffective.
a Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
b. mayhelpimprovethefunctioningofintellectuallydisabledchildren.
c. mayhelpprevent“atrisk”childrenfromdevelopingintellectualdisability.
d. helpparentsmanagethebehavioroftheirintellectuallydisabledchildren.
ANSWER:
c
87.Delirium,majorneurocognitivedisorder,andamnesticdisordertypicallydevelop
a. fromcomplicationsofbirth.
b. aspartofthenormalagingprocess.
c. inlateadulthood.
d. astemporaryconditions.
ANSWER:
c
88.Deliriumisestimatedtobepresentinapproximately__________%ofolderadults.
a.
5
b.
10
c.
15
d.
20
ANSWER:
d
89.Themajorneurocognitivedisorderis
a.exclusivelytheresultofbraintrauma.
b.agradualdeteriorationofbrainfunctioningthataffectsmemory,judgment,language,andother
advancedcognitiveprocesses.
c.theresultofadisconnectionbetweenlanguageandthought.
d.exclusivelybasedongeneticcauses.
ANSWER:
b
90.NeurocognitivedisorderstypicallycauseimpairmentinallofthefollowingprimaryabilitiesEXCEPT
a.
memory.
b.
judgment.
c.
dreaming.
d.
language.
ANSWER:
c
91.Impairedconsciousnessandcognitionduringthecourseofseveralhoursordaysischaracteristicof
a.
delirium.
b.
majorneurocognitivedisorder.
c.
Alzheimer’s.
d.
amnesticdisorder.
ANSWER:
a Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
92.Mr.Smith(age72)isbroughttothehospitalemergencyroom.Mr.Smith’ssonexplainsthathisfather
wokeupthismorningandwas“nothimself.”Mr.Smithappearsconfused,agitated,andabitfrightened.He
doesnotknowhisownnameandcannotrecognizehisson.Mr.Smith’ssonreportsthathisfatherhadbeen
completelyfinewithnosymptomspriortothatmorning.Mr.Smithappearstobesufferingfrom
a.
dementia.
b.
Alzheimer’s.
c.
delirium.
d.
amnesticdisorder.
ANSWER:
c
93.AllofthefollowingarepossiblecausesofmajorneurocognitivedisorderEXCEPT
a. Alzheimer’sdisease.
b. chemicalsubstances(includingmedications).
c. depression.
d. foodadditivesandpreservatives.
ANSWER:
d
94.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmajorneurocognitivedisorderisFALSE?
a. Globally,onenewcaseofmajorneurocognitivedisorderisidentifiedeverysevenseconds.
b.Worldwide,thecostofmajorneurocognitivedisorderisabout$302billionperyear.
c. AbouthalfofthecasesareAlzheimer’sdisease.
d.Therateofnewcasesincreasesdramaticallyafterage75.
ANSWER:
b
95.Thecognitivereservehypothesissuggeststhat
a.skillsacquiredthroughformaleducationhelpcompensatefortheearlysymptomsofmajor
neurocognitivedisorder.
b.themoresynapsesapersondevelopsthroughoutlife,themoreneuronaldeathisrequiredbeforethe
personbecomesimpaired.
c.individualswithAlzheimer’sdiseasemajorneurocognitivedisorderneverhadreserveneurons.
d.Alzheimer’sdiseasemajorneurocognitivedisorderiscausedbyalackofformaleducation.
ANSWER:
b
96.WhichofthefollowingstatementsistruewithregardtotherateofAlzheimer’sdiseasedementiafor
differentdemographicgroups?
a.Malesandallnon-Caucasianracialgroupsappeartohavelowerratesofthedisorder.
b.NodifferencesarefoundintherateofAlzheimer’sdiseasedementiabygender,butsomeracial
differenceshavebeennoted.
c.Roughly,thesamerateofAlzheimer’sdiseasedementiaisfoundamongethnicgroups,butwomen
appeartohaveaslightlyhigherrateofthedisorderthanmen. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
d.Nodifferencesintherateofthedisorderbyraceorgenderhavebeennoted.
ANSWER:
c
97.Thesymptomsofdeliriumtendtodevelop
a. veryslowly,overthecourseofseveralyears.
b. veryquickly,overthecourseofafewhourstoafewdays.
c. moderatelyslowly,overthecourseofseveralmonths.
d. moderatelyslowly,overthecourseofseveralmonths.
ANSWER:
b
98.Thesymptomsofdeliriumtendtosubside
a. veryslowly,overthecourseofseveralyears.
b. relativelyquickly,overthecourseofafewdaysorweeks.
c. moderatelyslowly,overthecourseofseveralmonths.
d. veryslowly,iftheyeversubsideatall.
ANSWER:
b
99.AllofthefollowingarecommoncausesofdeliriumEXCEPT
a.
medicalconditions.
b.
medicationsideeffects.
c.
headtrauma.
d.
dietaryfactors.
ANSWER:
d
100.Deliriumbroughtonbywithdrawalfromalcoholorotherdrugsisgenerallytreated
a. withrestandreassurance.
b. withantipsychoticmedication.
c. withantidepressantmedication.
d. byrestrainingthepatientuntilthewithdrawalsymptomsareover.
ANSWER:
b
101.Typicalpsychosocialinterventionforapatientwithdeliriumincludes
a. restrainingthepatienttopreventself-harm.
b. placingthepersoninanewenvironment.
c. reassuranceandsurroundingwithfamiliarbelongings.
d. excludingthepatientfromanymedicaldecisiontoavoidincreasedanxiety.
ANSWER:
102.WhatisMOSTsuccessfulinassistingpeoplewhoareexperiencingdelirium?
a.
Psychosocialapproach
c Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
b.
c.
d.
ANSWER:
Aninterdisciplinaryapproach.
Antipsychoticmedications
Restandreassurance
103.AllofthefollowingaretypesofmajorneurocognitivedisorderEXCEPT
a.
vasculardisease.
b.
substance-induceddisorder.
c.
conjunctivedisorder.
d.
Lewybodydisease.
ANSWER:
b
c
104.Attheageof50,Debrahasbeguntoreceivequiteabitofteasingfromherfamilyaboutbeing
“absentminded.”ThetruthisthatDebrahasbeenhidingthefactthateachweeksheseemstorememberlessand
less.Forthelastmonth,shehasbeengettinglostwhiledrivinghomefromworkandhasbeenrelyingona
hand-drawnmap.Shehasstartedhavingtroublerecognizingthefacesofpeopleatworkandfrequentlyforgets
whyshestartedtodosomething.Debraappearstobedeveloping
a. delirium.
b. amnesticdisorder.
c. dementiamildormajorneurocognitivedisorder.
d. medicallyinducedmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
ANSWER:
c
105.Oneoftheearlysignsofmajorneurocognitivedisorderis
a. thelossofmemoryofrecentevents.
b. thelossofmemoryofeventsfromlongago.
c. aninabilitytoproducelanguage.
d. aninabilitytounderstandlanguage.
ANSWER:
a
106.Peoplewithmajorneurocognitivedisordergenerallysufferfromagnosia,whichisdefinedastheinability
to
a.
uselanguage.
b.
understandlanguage.
c.
recognizeandnameobjects.
d.
remembereventsandplaces.
ANSWER:
c
107.Whyarethesymptomsofvascularneurocognitivedisordersodifferentineachpatient?
a. Itisnotknownwhypatientswithvascularneurocognitivedisorderhavedifferentsymptoms.
b.Thesymptomsrelatetotheareaofthebraindamaged. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
c. Thesymptomsdependupontheperson’sothermedicalconditions.
d.Patientstendtobeelderlyandeasilyconfused.
ANSWER:
b
108.Sixty-year-oldFredhasthetypicalearlysymptomsofmajorneurocognitivedisorder.Thefactthathehas
abnormalitiesinwalking,andweaknessinhislimbs,suggeststhathismajorneurocognitivedisorderis
a.
theAlzheimer’sdisease.
b.
influencedbyamedication.
c.
duetomultipleinfluences.
d.
thevasculartype.
ANSWER:
d
109.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutvascularneurocognitivedisorder?
a. Theprevalencerateis25%forthoseoverage80.
b. Theriskforwomenisslightlyhigherthanmen.
c. TheoutcomeissimilartothatofAlzheimer’sdisease.
d. TheonsetisaboutthesameasforAlzheimer’sdisease.
ANSWER:
c
110.IncontrasttopatientswithAlzheimer’sdiseasedementia,patientswithvascularneurocognitivedisorder
aremorelikelytohavesymptomssuchas
a. abnormalitiesinwalkingormuscleweaknessduringearlystages.
b. abnormalitiesinwalkingormuscleweaknessduringlatestages.
c. memoryimpairmentduringtheearlystages.
d. memoryimpairmentduringthelatestages.
ANSWER:
a
111.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueregardingthedifferenttypesofmajorneurocognitivedisorder?
a.Allformsofmajorneurocognitivedisorderhavethesameonset,symptoms,andcourse.
b.Vascularmajorneurocognitivedisorderhasamorerapidonset,andpatientssufferamuchmore
rapiddemisethanwiththeotherformsofmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
c.Vascularmajorneurocognitivedisorderhasamorerapidonsetandresultsinfewerdeficitsthan
Alzheimer’sdiseasemajorneurocognitivedisorder.
d.VascularmajorneurocognitivedisorderhasamorerapidonsetthanAlzheimer’sdiseasemajor
neurocognitivedisorder,althoughthecourseandoutcomearesimilar.
ANSWER:
d
112.OnehypothesistoexplaintheobserveddifferencesintherateofAlzheimer’sdiseasedementiafor
individualsofvaryingeducationallevelisthat
a.theabilitiesacquiredthroughformaleducationhelpcompensateforsomeofthedeficitsofthe
disorder. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
b.thetypeofmentalactivityassociatedwithformaleducationplacesanadditionalburdenonthebrain
thatmakessymptomsworseonceapersonhasthedisorder.
c.knowledgeacquiredthroughformaleducationhelpsoneavoidexposuretoenvironmentalstimuli
thatmightinfluencethedisorder.
d.thetypeofworkthatmostcollegegraduatespursueislesslikelytoexposetheindividualtothe
stressorsassociatedwiththedisorder.
ANSWER:
a
113.TheoutcomeforpatientswithneurocognitivedisorderduetoAlzheimer’sdiseaseisusually
a. death.
b. slowrecovery.
c. stabilizationatsomelevelofgreatlyreducedcognitiveability.
d. dependentonindividualresponsetotreatment.
ANSWER:
a
114.WhichofthefollowingisusedforadefinitivediagnosisofAlzheimer’sdiseasedementia?
a. Psychologicaltesting
b. Mentalstatusexam
c. Autopsy
d. Reportedobservationsofthepatientbyfamilymembers
ANSWER:
c
115.Researchhasindicatedthat_______________(thesubstanceintheamyloidplaquesfoundinthebrainsof
personswithAlzheimer’sdisease)increasestheaccuracyofadiagnosis.
a.
phagocyte
b.
neurofibularyfluid
c.
betaamyloid
d.
noneofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
c
116.IntheadvancedstagesofAlzheimer’sdisease,aphenomenoncalled“sundownersyndrome”occurs,in
whichcognitivedisturbancestendto
a. improveasthedaygoeson.
b. becomeworsetowardevening.
c. comeandgoduringthecourseoftheday.
d. peakaroundmid-day.
ANSWER:
b
117.Whichofthefollowingisnotaclassofneurocognitivedisorder?
a.
Alzheimer’sdisease
b.
Frontotemporaldegeneration Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
ANSWER:
c.
d.
Downssyndrome
Traumaticbraininjury
c
118.WhatistheapproximateaveragesurvivaltimeofapatientdiagnosedwithAlzheimer’sdiseasemajor
neurocognitivedisorder?
a.
4years
b.
8years
c.
15years
d.
20years
ANSWER:
b
119.SymptomsofAlzheimer’sdiseaseneurocognitivedisordertypicallyappearbetweentheagesof
a.
40and50.
b.
50and60.
c.
60and70.
d.
70and80.
ANSWER:
c
120.Accordingtothemostrecentresearch,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueconcerningethnic
backgroundandthedevelopmentofAlzheimer’sdiseaseofdementia?
a. Japanese,Nigerian,andAmishhavelowerrateofprevalenceofthedisorder.
b. Alzheimer’sdiseaseisfoundinroughlythesamenumbersacrossallethnicgroups.
c. EducatedEuropeanethnicgroupshavealowerrateofgettingthedisease.
d. NativeAmericanshaveaslightlyhigherrateofthedisorder.
ANSWER:
b
121.WhichofthefollowingindividualshasthegreatestriskofdevelopingAlzheimer’sdiseasedementia?
a. Paul,whoiswealthyandwelleducated
b. Rena,whocompletedcollege,thoughshehasanaverageIQ
c. Jason,whoisextremelybrightbutneverfinishedcollege
d. Carrie,whoispoorlyeducated
ANSWER:
d
122.TreatmentofextensivebraindamageinvolvesallofthefollowingEXCEPT
a.surgerytorepairthefunctioningofthedamagedareas.
b.tryingtopreventcertainconditions,suchassubstanceabuseorstrokes,thatmaybringon
neurocognitivedisorder.
c.tryingtodelaytheonsetofsymptomstoprovidebetterqualityoflife.
d.attemptingtohelptheseindividualsandtheircaregiverscompwiththeadvancingdeterioration. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
ANSWER:
123.Thewordvascularrefersto
a.
bloodpressure.
b.
bloodvessels.
c.
opencavitiesinthebrain.
d.
noneofthesearecorrect
ANSWER:
a
b
124.AllofthefollowingarecausesofmajorneurocognitivedisorderEXCEPT
a.
HIV.
b.
braintumor.
c.
vitaminCdeficiency.
d.
hypothyroidism.
ANSWER:
c
125.MajorneurocognitivedisordercausedbyHIVappearstobedueto
a. theHIVinfectionitself.
b. thesideeffectsofmedicationsusedtotreatHIV.
c. opportunisticinfectionsthatoccurinHIVpatients.
d. chemicalimbalancesinthebrain.
ANSWER:
a
126.Downsyndromepredisposestheindividualtodeveloping
a. dementiapugilistica.
b. Parkinson’sdisease.
c. Alzheimer’sdisease.
d. vascularmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
ANSWER:
c
127.Whichofthefollowingenvironmentalstressorsappearstobeasignificantfactorinthelaterdevelopment
ofmajorneurocognitivedisorder(includingtheAlzheimer’sdisease)?
a. Smoking
b. Lowbloodpressure
c. Headtrauma
d. Exposuretohighlevelsofaluminum
ANSWER:
c
128.Thebestwaytothinkaboutthepsychologicalandsocialinfluencesinvolvedinmajorneurocognitive
disorderisthatthey
a. helpdeterminetheonsetandcourse. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
b.
c.
d.
ANSWER:
aredirectcauses.
havenoinfluence.
havenotbeenstudied.
129.Withthebesttreatmentavailabletoday,majorneurocognitivedisorderisgenerally
a.
reversible.
b.
controllablebutnotcurable.
c.
curable.
d.
notveryresponsivetotreatment.
ANSWER:
a
d
130.Ofthefollowing,whichisNOToneofthepotentialconsequencesassociatedwithcaregivingforpatients
withmajorneurocognitivedisorder?
a.
Burnout
b.
Depression
c.
Contagion
d.
Elderabuse
ANSWER:
c
131.PatientswithAlzheimer’sdiseasemajorneurocognitivedisorderbenefitfrommedicationsthatworkby
a. preventingthebreakdownofacetylcholine.
b. enhancingthelevelofdopamine.
c. preventingthereuptakeofserotonin.
d. unknownprocesses.
ANSWER:
a
132.WhatisthetypicalresponsetomedicationthatcanbeexpectedforanAlzheimer’spatient?
a. Significantimprovementthatisfairlydurable
b. Significantandrapidimprovementsinmostareasbuttemporaryinsome
c. Temporaryimprovementinabilities
d. Reliefofphysicalbutnotcognitivesymptoms
ANSWER:
133.Whatistheprimarygoalofmostpsychosocialtreatmentsformajorneurocognitivedisorder?
a. Relievedepression
b. Helpthepatientcompensateforlostabilities
c. Treattheanxietyassociatedwithknowingthatthedisorderisprogressive
d. Enhancefamilyfunctioning
ANSWER:
c
b Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
134.Duringthelatestagesofmajorneurocognitivedisorder,the________probablyexperiencesthegreatest
needforpsychosocialtreatment.
a.
caregiver
b.
patient
c.
family
d.
healthcareprovider
ANSWER:
a
135.ThedifferingpatternsofimpairmentassociatedwithAlzheimer’sdiseasedementiaandHIV-causedmajor
neurocognitivedisorderareprimarilyattributableto
a. thedifferentareasofthebrainaffected.
b. theimmuneresponsetothevirusinHIVpatients.
c. psychosocialdifferencesinthelivesofthetypicalpatientswitheachdisorder.
d. unexplainedcauses.
ANSWER:
a
136.IfMaryan’smajorneurocognitivedisorderiscausedbyaprocessthathasdamagedherbrain’sdopamine
pathways,itcanbeassumedthatthisconditionisrelatedto
a. headtrauma.
b. Parkinson’sdisease.
c. Huntington’sdisease.
d. Alzheimer’sdiseasemajorneurocognitivedisorder.
ANSWER:
b
137.Whichisanaccuratestatementregardingthedevelopmentofmajorneurocognitivedisorderinpatients
witheitherParkinson’sdiseaseorHuntington’sdisease?
a. Allpatientsdevelopmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
b. Onlyfemalepatientsdevelopmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
c. Onlysomepatientsdevelopmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
d. Onlypatientswithcorticaldamagedevelopmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
ANSWER:
c
138.Comparedtomostdisorders,Huntington’sdiseaseisveryunusualbecauseitis
a. theresultofonegene.
b. influencedbymanygenes.
c. notcausedbygeneticfactors
d. associatedwithsubcorticalimpairment.
ANSWER:
a
139.Anewvariantof________maybelinkedtobovinespongiformencephalopathy(BSE),or“madcow Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
disease.”
a.
b.
c.
d.
Huntington’sdisease
Pick’sdisease
Alzheimer’sdisease
Creutzfeldt-Jacobdisease
ANSWER:
d
140.Thesymptomsofmajorneurocognitivedisorderassociatedwithsubstancedependencearemostsimilarto
thesymptomsobservedin
a. vascularmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
b. Alzheimer’sdisease
c. Huntington’sdisease.
d. HIV-inducedmajorneurocognitivedisorder.
ANSWER:
b
141.Whensymptomsofmajorneurocognitivedisorderoccurwithsubstancedependence,theyaregenerally
associatedwith
a. thetoxiceffectsofthesubstances.
b. atemporaryimpairmentinbrainfunctioning.
c. permanentbraindamage.
d. poordietandself-carebehaviors.
ANSWER:
c
142.Adisturbanceintheproductionorprocessingoflanguageisknownas
a.
anoxia.
b.
apraxia.
c.
agnosia.
d.
aphasia.
ANSWER:
d
143.Whichdisorderisassociatedwiththeformationofneurofibrillarytanglesandneuriticplaqueinthebrain?
a.
Huntington’sdisease
b.
Pick’sdisease
c.
Alzheimer’sdisease
d.
Creutzfeldt-Jacobdisease
ANSWER:
c
144.TheneurofibrillarytanglesassociatedwithAlzheimer’sdiseasearebestdescribedas
a. tangled,strand-likefilamentsinthecortex.
b. tangled,strand-likefilamentsthroughoutthenervoussystem. Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
c. gummyproteindepositsinthecortex.
d. gummyproteindepositsthroughoutthenervoussystem.
ANSWER:
a
145.TheamyloidplaquesthataccumulateinthebrainofAlzheimer’sdiseasepatientsarebestdescribedas
a.
tangled,strand-likefilaments.
b.
gummyproteindeposits.
c.
plaquesofdeadnervecells.
d.
mineraldeposits.
ANSWER:
b
146.TheneurofibrillarytanglesandamyloidplaquesassociatedwithAlzheimer’sdiseaseareobservedonly
a.
onMRIorCTbrainscans.
b.
onfunctionalbrainscans.
c.
duringanautopsy.
d.
duringanEEGexamination.
ANSWER:
c
147.ResearchintothecausesofAlzheimer’sdiseasedisorderindicatestheinfluenceof
a.
multiplegenes.
b.
asinglegene.
c.
environmentaltoxins.
d.
highlevelsofaluminum.
ANSWER:
a
148.OnetheoryaboutthedevelopmentofAlzheimer’sdiseasesuggeststhattheformationofsolidwaxy
proteinsinthebraincausesthedisorderinaprocesssimilarto
a. cholesterolbuildupinbloodvesselscausingcardiovasculardisease.
b. vascularspasmscausingmigraines.
c. headtraumacausingneuronaldeath.
d. formationofscartissuefollowinganinjury.
ANSWER:
a
149.Theconditionformerlycalleddementiapugilisticaisdiagnosedprimarilyin
a.
baseballplayers.
b.
boxers.
c.
bowlers.
d.
basketballplayers.
ANSWER:
b Name
:
Clas
s:
Dat
e:
Chapter 13
150.ThemajorneurocognitivedisorderexperiencedbyHIVpatientsprimarilyaffectsareasofthebraininthe
a.
cortex.
b.
hindbrain.
c.
subcortex.
d.
brainstem.
ANSWER:
c
151.Describethesymptomsofattention-deficithyperactivitydisorderanddiscussthecontroversysurroundingthis
diagnosis.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:ADHDischaracterizedbyapatternofinattentionthatcansignificantlydisruptacademic
performanceandrelationships.Inadditiontoinattention,peoplewithADHDmayexhibithyperactivityand
impulsivity.Thedisorderismorecommonamongboysthangirls.Somearguethattoomanynormal
childrenaregiventhediagnosisinordertocompensateforpooracademicachievementorunrealistic
explanationsonthepartsofparentsandteachers,butrecentstudiesshowingthatADHDratesare
comparableacrossculturesseemstoindicatethatitisindeedavaliddisorder.
152.DescribethebenefitsanddisadvantagesofmedicationtreatmentversusnonmedicationtreatmentsforADHD.Make
suretoincludediscussionofthemedicationsandtherapyproceduresusedinthetreatmentofthisdisorder.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:TreatmentforADHDhasproceededontwofronts:biologicalandpsychosocial
interventions.Typically,thegoalofbiologicaltreatmentsistoreducethechildren’simpulsivityand
hyperactivityandtoimproveattentionalskills.Psychosocialtreatmentsgenerallyfocusonbroaderissues
suchasimprovingacademicperformance,decreasingdisruptivebehavior,andimprovingsocialskills.It
appearsthatstimulantmedicationsreinforcethebrain’sabilitytofocusattentionduringproblem-solving
tasks.Althoughtheuseofstimulantmedicationsremainscontroversial,especiallyforchildren,most
cliniciansrecommendthemtemporarily,incombinationwithpsychosocialinterventions,tohelpimprove
children’ssocialandacademicskills.Theconcernsovertheuseofstimulantmedicationsnowincludetheir
potentialforabuse.DrugssuchasRitalinaresometimesabusedfortheirabilitytocreateelationandreduce
fatigue.Thewidespreadmisperceptionthatuseoftheseprescriptionmedicationsisharmlessisalsoofgreat
concern.ThisisparticularlyworrisomeforchildrenwithADHDbecausetheyareatincreasedriskforlater
substanceabuse.Anewerdrug—atomoxetine(Strattera)—alsoappearseffectiveforsomechildrenwith
ADHD,butitisaselectivenorepinephrine-reuptakeinhibitorandthereforedoesnotproducethesame
“highs”whenusedinlargerdoses.
SomeportionofchildrenwithADHDdonotrespondtomedications,andmostchildrenwhodorespond
showimprovementinabilitytofocustheirattentionbutdonotshowgainsintheimportantareasof
academicsandsocialskills.Inaddition,themedicationsoftenresultinunpleasantsideeffects,suchas
insomnia,drowsiness,orirritability.Becauseofthesefindings,researchershaveappliedvariousbehavioral
interventionstohelpthesechildrenathomeandinschool.Ingeneral,theprogramssetsuchgoalsas
increasingtheamountoftimethechildremainsseated,thenumberofmathpaperscompleted,or
appropriateplaywithpeers.Reinforcementprogramsrewardthechildforimprovementsand,attimes,
punishmisbehaviorwithlossofrewards.Otherprogramsincorporateparenttrainingtoteachfamilieshow
torespondconstructivelytotheirchild’sbehaviorsandhowtostructurethechild’sdaytohelpprevent
difficulties.Socialskillstrainingforthesechildren,whichincludesteachingthemhowtointeract
appropriatelywiththeirpeers,alsoseemstobeanimportanttreatmentcomponent.
153.DescribethetypicalsocialdifficultiesthatachildwithADHDmightexperience.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Inattention,hyperactivity,andimpulsivityoftencauseotherproblemsthatappear
secondarytoADHD.Academicperformancetendstosuffer,especiallyasthechildprogressesinschool.
ChildrenwithADHDarelikelytobeunpopularandrejectedbytheirpeers(Nijmeijeretal.,2008).One
studyfoundthatyounggirlswithADHDingeneralwerelikelytoberejectedbypeersbutthatthis Name
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likelihoodwasmorepronouncedinthosewithhyperactivity,impulsivity,andinattentionwhencomparedto
girlswhohadonlytheinattentivetype.
154.Describeatypicaltreatmentplanforanewlydiagnosedfour-year-oldboywithautism.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Onegeneralizationthatcanbemadeaboutautism,aswellastheotherpervasive
developmentaldisorders,isthatnocompletelyeffectivetreatmentexists.Attemptstoeliminatethesocial
problemsexperiencedbytheseindividualshavenotbeensuccessfultodate.Rather,liketheapproachto
individualswithintellectualdisability,mosteffortsattreatingpeoplewithpervasivedevelopmental
disordersfocusonenhancingtheircommunicationanddailylivingskillsandonreducingproblem
behaviors,suchastantrumsandself-injury.
Thetreatmentofchoiceforpeoplewithpervasivedevelopmentaldisorder—includingautismandAsperger’s
disorder—combinesvariousapproachestothemanyfacetsofthisdisorder.Forchildren,mosttherapy
consistsofschooleducationwithspecialpsychologicalsupportsforproblemswithcommunicationand
socialization.Behavioralapproacheshavebeenmostclearlydocumentedasbenefitingchildreninthisarea.
Augmentativecommunicationstrategiesincludeusingpicturesandcomputertabletstofacilitate
improvementsincommunication.Pharmacologicaltreatmentscanhelpsomeofthemtemporarily
155.DiscusstheDSM-5criteriaforintellectualdisabilityandthecontroversyregardingdescriptionsofthedifferent
levelsofthisdisorder.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Therearethreecriteriaforthediagnosisofintellectualdisability.Thefirstissignificantly
subaverageintellectualfunctioningbasedonIQtestscores.Thesecondisconcurrentdeficitsor
impairmentsinadaptivefunctioning,includingdifficultyinatleasttwoareassuchascommunication,selfcare,homeliving,socialandinterpersonalskills,useofcommunityresources,self-direction,academic
skills,work,leisure,health,orsafety.Thethirdisbasedontheageofonset,meaningthatthedisordermust
beevidentbeforeage18.
Sincethecriteriaforacademicandsocialfunctionvarybasedonculturalexpectations,intellectualdisability,
morethanotherdisorders,isdefinedbythesocietyinwhichtheindividuallives.Thiscanmakeitdifficultto
labelandcomparepeopleacrosscultures,andtheclassificationofintellectualdisabilityismadeharderby
thefactthatpeoplewithintellectualdisabilitydiffersignificantlyintheirdegreeofdisability,evenwithin
levels.
156.Describeatypicaltreatmentplanfora10-year-old,mildlyintellectuallydisabledgirl.Whatareappropriate
treatmentgoals?Whattreatmentmethodshavebeenfoundtobesuccessfultomeetthesegoals?
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Biologicaltreatmentofintellectualdisabilityiscurrentlynotaviableoption.Generally,
thetreatmentofindividualswithintellectualdisabilityparallelsthatofpeoplewithpervasivedevelopmental
disorders,attemptingtoteachthemtheskillstheyneedtobecomemoreproductiveandindependent.For
individualswithmildintellectualdisability,interventionissimilartothatforpeoplewithlearningdisorders.
Specificlearningdeficitsareidentifiedandaddressedtohelpthestudentimprovesuchskillsasreadingand
writing.Atthesametime,theseindividualsoftenneedadditionalsupporttoliveinthecommunity.For
peoplewithmoreseveredisabilities,thegeneralgoalsarethesame;however,thelevelofassistancethey
needisoftenmoreextensive.Theexpectationforallpeoplewithintellectualdisabilityisthattheywillin
somewayparticipateincommunitylife,attendschoolandlaterholdajob,andhavetheopportunityfor
meaningfulsocialrelationships.Advancesinelectronicandeducationaltechnologieshavemadethisgoal
realisticevenforpeoplewithprofoundintellectualdisability.
Communicationtrainingisimportantforpeoplewithintellectualdisability.Makingtheirneedsandwants
knownisessentialforpersonalsatisfactionandforparticipationinmostsocialactivities.Thegoalsof
communicationtrainingdiffer,dependingontheexistingskills.Forpeoplewithmildlevelsofintellectual
disability,thegoalsmayberelativelyminor(e.g.,improvingarticulation)ormoreextensive(e.g.,organizing
aconversation).
Inadditiontoensuringthatpeoplewithintellectualdisabilityaretaughtspecificskills,caretakersfocuson
theimportanttaskofsupportingthemintheircommunities.“Supportedemployment”involveshelpingan Name
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individualfindandparticipatesatisfactorilyinacompetitivejob.
157.Describethesymptomsofmajorneurocognitivedisorderanddelirium.Whatdothesymptomsofeachofthese
disordershaveincommon?Whatfeaturesareuniquetoeachdisorder?
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Thedisorderknownasdeliriumischaracterizedbyimpairedconsciousnessandcognition
duringthecourseofseveralhoursordays.Deliriumisoneoftheearliestrecognizedmentaldisorders.
Peoplewithdeliriumappearconfused,disoriented,andoutoftouchwiththeirsurroundings.Theycannot
focusandsustaintheirattentiononeventhesimplesttasks.Therearemarkedimpairmentsinmemoryand
language.
Major neurocognitive disorderisthecognitivedisordercharacterizedbyagradualdeteriorationofbrain
functioningthataffectsjudgment,memory,language,andotheradvancedcognitiveprocesses.
Althoughdeliriumandmajorneurocognitivedisordercanoccurtogether,majorneurocognitivedisorderhas
agradualprogressionasopposedtodelirium’sacuteonset;peoplewithmajorneurocognitivedisorderare
notdisorientedorconfusedintheearlystages,unlikepeoplewithdelirium.
158.Describethetypicalcausesofdeliriumandhowitistreated.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Deliriumischaracterizedbyimpairedconsciousnessandcognitionduringthecourseof
hoursordays.Peoplewithdeliriumappearconfused,disoriented,andoutoftouch.Theirmemory,
language,andattentionareimpaired.Deliriumincreaseswithageandisoftenrelatedtomedicalconditions
suchascancer,HIV,druguse,poisons,andheadinjuries.Antipsychoticdrugscandecreasessymptoms,
andpsychosocialinterventionscanhelppatientsandtheirfamiliescopewithemotionalandmentalchanges
causedbythedisease.
159.Makeacaseformandatoryhelmetlawsforallmotorcycleridersandabanforcontactsportsinschoolsbasedon
yourknowledgeofneurocognitivedisorderduetotraumaticbraininjury.
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Thesymptomsassociatedwithneurocognitivedisorderduetotraumaticbraininjury
includeexecutivedysfunction,problemswithlearning,andproblemswithmemory.Thosewhoareat
greatestriskforTBIareteensandyoungadults,especiallyaccompaniedbyalcoholabuseorlower
socioeconomicclass.Trafficaccidents,assaults,andfallsarecommoncausesofTBIandresultinlasting,if
notpermanent,braininjury.Duetothelargenumberofcasesinvolvingtrafficaccidentsandassaults,itis
clearthatalawmakingwearingahelmetmandatoryformotorcycleridersandalawbanningfullcontact
sportsinhighschoolwouldreducethenumberofteenandyoungadultTBIs.
160.ExplaintherelationshipthathasbeenobservedbetweenformaleducationandthedevelopmentofAlzheimer’s
disease.Whattheoreticalandneurologicalexplanationshavebeenofferedforthisobservation?
ANSWER: SampleAnswer:Peoplewithhighereducationlevelsseemtofunctionmoreeffectivelythanotherpatients
withthesamelevelofbraindysfunction.Theoretically,theyhavemorecomplexneuronalpathwaysandso
havegreatercognitiveresourcesattheirdisposal.Greaterimpairmentamonguneducatedpeoplemight
indicateamuchearlieronset,suggestingthatAlzheimer’sdiseasecausesintellectualdysfunctionthatin
turnhamperseducationalefforts.Or,therecouldbesomethingaboutintellectualachievementthatprevents
ordelaystheonsetofsymptomsofthedisorder.Laterresearchseemstoconfirmthelatterexplanation.It
appearsthateducationallevelmaypredictadelayintheobservationofsymptoms.Unfortunately,people
whoattainahigherlevelofeducationalsodeclinemorerapidlyoncethesymptomsstarttooccur
suggestingthateducationdoesnotpreventAlzheimer’sdiseasebutjustprovidesabufferperiodofbetter
functioning.Educationalattainmentmaysomehowcreateamental“reserve,”alearnedsetofskillsthathelp
someonecopelongerwiththecognitivedeteriorationthatmarksthebeginningofmajorneurocognitive
disorder.
161.Describetheclassesofneurocognitivedisorderbasedonetiologyandexplainwhytheyaredifficulttoclassify. Name
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ANSWER: SampleAnswer:TheclassesofneurocognitivedisorderincludeAlzheimer’sdisease,vascularinjury,
frontotemporaldegeneration,traumaticbraininjury,Lewybodydisease,Parkinson’sdisease,HIV
infection,substanceuse,Huntington’sdisease,priondisease,andanothermedicalcondition.Thechallenge
facedwhentryingtoclassifybyetiologyisthatneurocognitivedisordercanhavehundredsofcauses.
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