Antibody Production and Vaccination

Antibody Production & Vaccination Antibody Production Identify five mechanisms of disease transmission Direct contact – the transfer of pathogens via physical association 1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Exchange of body fluids - via blood transfusions or sexual intercourse 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Contamination – ingestion of pathogens growing on, or in, edible food sources 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Airborne – certain pathogens can be transferred in the air via coughing and sneezing 4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Vectors – intermediary organisms that transfer pathogens without developing symptoms themselves 5. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... State the term used to describe a disease that can cross species barriers and identify a specific example Diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans are called zoonotic diseases (or zoonoses) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Examples include rabies (dogs), certain strains of influenza (e.g. bird flu) and the bubonic plague (rats) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Distinguish between an antigen and an antibody A substance that the body recognises as foreign and that will elicit an immune response Antigen: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... A protein produced by B lymphocytes (and plasma cells) that is specific to a given antigen Antibody: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Describe the system of antigenic presentation on human red blood cells (i.e. the ABO blood system) Type A Type B Antigen on blood cells A antigen Antibodies in bloodstream Blood donors Type AB Type O B antigen Both A and B antigens No antigens Anti-B antibody Anti-A antibody No antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies Can take A or O Can take B or O Can take any blood Can only take O but not B or AB but not A or AB (universal acceptor) (universal donor) Distinguish between class I and class II MHC proteins MHC I MHC II Where found All nucleated body cells (not RBCs) Antigen-presenting cells (e.g. macrophages, B cells) Antigens presented Endogenous antigens Exogenous antigens Cells presented to Cytotoxic T cells (and TH cells) B cells (and TH cells) Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immunity Humoral Immunity The pathway by which antibodies are produced by plasma cells to target exogenous antigens ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Antigens are presented on the MHC class II markers of macrophages to helper T cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... The helper T cells then secrete cytokines to activate the appropriate B lymphocytes ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... The specific B cell divide and differentiate (clonal selection) to form antibody producing plasma cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Cell Mediated Immunity The pathway that does not result in antigen production but instead targets endogenous antigens ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Cancerous and virus-infected cells involve the body’s own cells and thus are not recognised as foreign ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... These cells present antigenic fragments as a complex with their own self markers (MHC class I) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... When helper T cells identify these cells, they stimulate cytotoxic T cells that lyse the compromised cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... State 5 specific actions of antibodies and outline how they contribute to the overall immune response Precipitation – Soluble pathogens become insoluble and precipitate P…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Agglutination – Cellular pathogens become clumped for easier removal A…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Neutralisation – Antibodies may occlude pathogenic regions N…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Inflammation – Antibodies may trigger an inflammatory response I…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Complement activation – Complement proteins perforate membranes C…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Collectively, the action of antibodies enhance the immune system by aiding the detection (opsonisation) and ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... removal of pathogens by the phagocytic leukocytes of the innate immune system (macrophages) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Define polyclonal activation Pathogens contain multiple distinct antigenic fragments on their surface and hence a single pathogen is ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... likely to stimulate several different T and B lymphocytes to produce a variety of specific antibodies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Immunity Describe how immunity occurs When a B lymphocyte divides to form plasma cells, a small proportion will differentiate into memory cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Memory cells are long living and survive for many years, producing low levels of circulating antibodies ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... If re-infection occurs, memory cells produce antibodies faster so disease does not develop (immunity) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Complete the following graph to show antibody response Antibody Levels Time First antibody exposure Second antibody exposure Define active and passive immunity Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the body itself Active: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. and the subsequent development of memory cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Passive immunity results from the acquisition of antibodies from another source Passive: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. and hence memory cells are not developed ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Give a practical example for each of the following types of immunity Challenge and response to a pathogenic infection Natural Active Immunity: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Newborns receiving antibodies via a mother’s breast milk Natural Passive Immunity: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Vaccination (treatment with an attenuated pathogen) Artificial Active Immunity: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Transfusion of monoclonal antibodies (e.g. for treatment of rabies) Artificial Passive Immunity: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Explain the principle of vaccination Vaccines contain attenuated forms of a pathogen that cannot cause disease ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Vaccinations induce active immunity by stimulating production of memory cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... When exposed to actual pathogen, the memory cells trigger faster/stronger secondary immune response ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Vaccines confer long-term immunity, however booster shots may be periodically required ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Define herd immunity Herd immunity is when individuals who are not immune to a pathogen are protected from exposure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... by the large amounts of immune individuals (usually >95%) within the community ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Identify three aspects of the smallpox virus that allowed for a successful vaccination campaign Easily identifiable infection (overt clinical symptoms) 1. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Infection period was short lived and virus was stable (did not mutate) 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Transmission required direct contact and there were no animal vectors or reservoirs to sustain the virus 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Describe, with the aid of the diagram, the production of monoclonal antibodies An animal (e.g. mouse) is injected with antigen to produce specific plasma cells ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Plasma cells are removed and fused with tumor cells capable of endless divisions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... The resulting hybridoma will synthesise large quantities of the specific antibody (monoclonal) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Identify one diagnostic and one therapeutic use for monoclonal antibodies Detection of pregnancy (anti-hCG antibodies) Diagnostic: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Treatment of cancers or rapid infections (e.g. rabies) Therapeutic: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………