Urinary System Review Guide

Urinar Urinary y System R Reeview Guide Make sure to answer in complete sentences and number each answer in order. 1. What sits higher? The left or right kidney? Why? a. The left kidney because of the placement of the liver 2. What are the four organs of the excretory system? a. Skin, lungs, large intestine, urinary system 3. What are the four major structures of the urinary system? a. Kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters 4. List AND describe the five functions of the urinary system, in addition make sure to address the following: a. Regulate blood volume and blood pressure i. How does EPO regulate blood volume- adjusting to water volume loss? b. Regulate plasma ion concentrations i. Summarize the pathway of how blood calcium levels are regulated by calcitriol. Make sure to focus on its effects on the intestine, bone, and kidney. Controls quantities of urine, synthesis of calcitriol c. Help stabilize blood pH d. Conserve valuable nutrients e. Assist liver to detoxify poisons 5. Compare and contrast the locations AND functions of the renal capsule, adipose capsule, and renal fascia. Make sure you know the correct order from superficial to deep and vice versa. a. Renal capsule- collagen fibers, outer surface of entire organ b. Adipose capsule- thick layer of adipose tissue, surrounds renal capsule c. Renal fascia- dense fibrous outer layer, anchors kidney to surrounding structures 6. What is going on at the renal hilum? a. Entry for renal artery and renal nerves b. Exit for renal veins and ureter 7. Draw out AND label the following macroscopic regions of the kidney: a. Hilum b. Renal sinus c. Renal cortex d. Renal pyramids e. Renal lobe f. Renal papilla g. Major calyx h. Minor calyx i. Renal pelvis 8. Make a flow chart illustrating the flow of blood through the kidneys. 9. What are the two major structures that make up a nephron? a. Renal corpuscle b. Renal tubule 10. What two structures make up the renal corpuscle? a. Glomerular capsule (Bowmans’s capsule) b. Glomerulus 11. What is another name for the capsular space? a. Bowmans’s space 12. Describe the blood flow into and out of the glomerulus, making sure to explain the significance of the differing diameters of the afferent and efferent arteriole. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 17.. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. a. Blood leaves in efferent arteriole, flows through peritubular capillaries, drains into small venules, returns blood to venous system b. What are the main structures and functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Spend some time and really make sure you understand the arrangement of the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus since this is a very important structure when it comes to regulating blood pressure. a. Macula dense b. Juxtaglomerular cells i. Smooth muscle in arterioles Which “force” drives glomerular filtration? What exactly is filtrate? a. Blood pressure b. Produces protein-free solution like blood plasma c. Forces water and dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries into capsular space d. PASSIVE PROCESS Once the blood is filtered by the glomerulus, what are the possible fates of the filtrate? a. ?? Which regions of the renal tubule are in the cortex of the kidney, and which are in the medulla of the kidney? a. Cortex- proximal tubule, distal tubule b. Medulla- loop of Henle, collecting duct Compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. a. Cortical nephrons- efferent arteriole delivers blood to a network of peritubular capillaries, loop of Henle is short, superficial cortex of kidney b. Juxtamedullary nephrons- extends deep into medulla, peritubular capillaries connect to vasa react (long straight capillaries running parallel to the loop of Henle) Draw out the microscopic anatomy of the glomerulus making sure to include the relationships of the following structures: a. Podocytes b. Pedicels c. Filtration Slits d. Fenestrated capillaries and their associated pores e. Lamina densa (basement membrane) Explain which substances are normally filtered by the renal corpuscle based on their sizes. a. Glomerular capillaries- prevent passage of RBCs How does the normal architecture of the renal corpuscle become compromised with glomerulonephritis? What would happen to the capsular hydrostatic pressure? How about the amount of filtrate formed? a. Affects filtration of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of kidneys. b. Complexes are small enough to go through capillary pores and dense layer c. Causes a clog and filtrate production drops Define osmolarity and explain osmotic pressure. a. Total number of solute particles per liter b. A given substance is directly related to colloid osmotic pressure. Compare and contrast hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. a. Hydrostatic pressure- fluid pressure b. Colloid osmotic pressure- of materials in solution Draw out a simple diagram that illustrates glomerular filtration including: a. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure b. Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure c. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure d. Capsular Osmotic Pressure Explain what exactly what GFR stands for and what it measures a. Amount of filtrate kidneys produce each minute 25. Describe the physiology of autoregulation of GFR. Make sure to include the importance of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Be sure to include how changes in blood pre pressure ssure through the reg region ion of the renal corpuscle will affe affect ct the diameters and flow tthrough hrough the affe afferent rent arterioles, effere efferent nt arterioles, and glomerular capillaries. a. Maintains GFR despite changes in local blo blood od pressure and blood flow flow.. b. When diameter od, aff afferent erent arterioles change, eff efferent erent arterioles constrict, aand nd glomerular capillaries dilate from tthe he contr contraction action of the mesangial cells c. Juxtamedullary appar apparatusatus- reduced blood flow or glomerula glomerularr blood pressure triggers above 26. Summarize how GFR is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Include the effects of exercise in your response. a. Homeostatic disturbed- decreased GFR resulting in decreased filtrate 27 27.. Where in the nephron does most of the reabsorption occur? What is the significance of epithelial microvilli in this region? a. Most of the reabsorption occurs at the loop of Henle. It increases surface area so there’s more room for reabsorption. 28. Draw the arrangement of the following and use this to explain the process of reabsorption in the PCT: a. Tubular fluid b. Peritubular fluid c. Peritubular capillary 29. Draw out the major regions of the loop of Henle, indicating the permeability of water and ions. Use this to explain how the loop of Henl Henlee concentrates the ur urine ine via the countercurrent m multiplier ultiplier ultiplier.. 30. How would a longer loop of Henle be beneficial to a desert mammal? a. A longer loop of Henle will concentrate the urine and conserve water. 31. What is the significance of the epithelial cells of the DCT not having many microvilli? a. Less surface area, less reabsorption 32. List AND describe the four processes of the DCT. a. 1. Active secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins b. 2. Selective reabsorption of sodium and calcium ions from tubular fluid i. Aldosterone: stimulus reabsorption of sodium back into the blood, water follows. ii. PTH/Calcitriol iii. Calcitriol: stimulates absorption of calcium back into the blood c. 3. Selective reabsorption of water i. Concentrates tubular fluid ii. ADH: brings water back to the blood 33. Illustrate how acid base balance of the blood is maintained by the DCT. 34. Illustrate the Na+/K+ pump in the DCT and how aldosterone affects its action. 35. What ion is “lost” in the urine because of aldosterone? a. Potassium 36. Outline (in your own words) how the macula densa of the juxtaglomerular apparatus would respond to a decreased concentration of NaCl in the lumen of the DCT. a. A decrease in NaCl levels in the think ascending limb/DCT would initiate a signal from the macula dens that wood case: vasodilation or increases renin release 37 37.. Describe the release and effects of ADH in a well hydrated vs. a dehydrated individual. a. Well hydrated: little ad=normal water release b. Dehydrated: ad releases from neurohypophysis=water retention 38. Summarize the goals of urine production, including the three organic waste products (and where they come from). a. Maintain homeostasis by regulated volume and composition of blood. b. 1. Urea- breakdown of amino acids c. 2. Creatinine- break down of creatine phosphate and cell respiration d. 3. Uric acid- waste products during the recycling of RNA 39. Explain the concept of the Transport maximum (T m) and renal threshold of the kidney and explain how Diabetes Mellitus is related to these two concepts. a. If nutrients concentrations rise in tubular fluid: reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated. b. Determines renal threshold c. Diabetes: to pass through will result in glycosuria (glucose in urine) 40. The Renin – Angiotensin – Aldosterone System. Draw it out in detail including all organs, how it begins, what effects it has and other hormones it stimulates. understand ALL the hormones, targets of the hormones, negative feedback mechanisms, and associated changes in blood pressure. a. 41. How do ANP and BNP counter the effects of the RAA System? a. Oppose effects of aldosterone and RAA, released when walls of the atria and centrioles are stretched, inhibits renin Ans opposes aldosterone by stimulating the excretion of sodium. 42. What three structures make up the urinary tract? a. Ureters, bladder, urethra 43. Relate the pain of a kidney stone to the anatomy and physiology of the ureter. a. Prevents backflow when urinary bladder contracts b. Peristaltic contractions begin at renal pelvis and sweep along ureter to force urine towards urinary bladder every 30 seconds 44. Summarize the causes, symptoms, and treatments for kidney stones. a. Calcium buildup, diet, and excess body weight b. Pain in lower abdomen and groin, pain comes in waves and burning sensation when urinating c. Drinking water, pain relievers, medical therapy, surgery. 45. Describe the anatomy of the bladder wall, making sure to address the detrusor muscle. a. Mucosa- lines urinary bladder, has rugae that disappear as bladder fills b. Muscularis layer- detrusor muscles c. Trigone- triangular area bound by openings of ureters and entrance of urethra. 46. Compare and contrast the locations and control of the internal and external urethral sphincters. a. Internal urethras sphincter; smooth muscle b. External urethral sphincter: circular band of skeletal muscles where urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm. 47 47.. Relate urethral gender differences to the UTI’s. a. Female has shorter urethra, and uti is caused by E. Coli 48. What is cystitis? a. Flammarion of the bladder. 49. Draw out the micturition reflex, making sure to include the following: a. Stretch receptors in the bladder. b. Afferent fibers to the sacral spinal cord. c. Efferent motor fibers from the sacral spinal cord. d. The central pathway components to and from the thalamus of the brain. NUMBER 7 NUMBER 8 NUMBER 18 NUMBER 23 NUMBER 29 NUMBER 33 \ NUMBER 34 NUMBER 49