Cell division and cancer review 1. What type of cell undergoes meiosis? Gamete cells or Somatic cells 2. Define homologous chromosomes. 2 chromosomes with similar structure 3. For each of the following state if the cell is haploid or diploid. Sperm cell =haploid Liver cell =diploid Egg cell =haploid Stomach cell =diploid 4. If the diploid number in a liver cell of an organism is 52, how many chromosomes are there in the egg of this organism? 26 5. During meiosis, the chromosome number: a) is doubled b) is reduced c) remains the same d) becomes diploid 6. Cells starting mitosis & meiosis begin with a (haploid or diploid) set of chromosomes. diploid 7. How many times do cells divide during meiosis? twice 8. Draw a tetrad and show crossing over. During what process and in which phase do you first see this in? During prophase of meiosis 9. How many cells form at the end of meiosis and how many chromosomes do they each contain? 4 with 23 chromosomes 10. A sperm cell is a (gamete or zygote ), and is (haploid or diploid). 11. Which of the following best describe the term “crossing over”? a.) An exchange of information between two homologous chromosomes b.) A molecular interaction between two sister chromatids c.) A molecular interaction between two non-sister chromatids d.) A separation of two sister chromatids Figure 1 12. Which letter in Figure 1 represents meiosis? Why? D, one diploid cell becomes 4 haploid 13. Which letter in Figure 1 represents mitosis? Why? A, one diploid cell becomes 2 diploid 14. Which letter in Figure 1 represents fertilization? Why? B, two haploid cells become one diploid 16. What is the ultimate goal/purpose of mitosis? Growth, repair, replace damaged cells 17. What is the difference between a chromosome, sister chromatids, and homologous chromosomes? You may draw a picture as your answer. Chromosome-form of DNA when it divides Sister chromatids- 2 identical chromosomes attached at a centromere Homologous Chromosomes- 2 chromosomes with the same structure 18. How are DNA and chromosomes related? Chromosomes are made of DNA 19. What is the difference between a haploid, diploid, and zygote? Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes and a zygote is formed when an egg and sperm cell combine 20. Give 3 examples how meiosis differ from mitosis. 1. Meiosis occurs in gametes not somatic cells 2. Meiosis forms 4 haploid cells, not 2 diploid cells 3. Meiosis has 2 divisions not one division 21. If the sperm cell of an organism contains 14 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of this organism? 28 22. The two major divisions of the cell cycle are: Interphase and mitosis 23. Draw the cell cycle and label the parts: 24. Describe what happens in each part of interphase: G1- cell growth S-DNA replication G2- cell prepares for mitosis, spindle fibers form Label the following terms on the diagram below: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, sister chromatids, centrioles, nucleolus, spindle fibers, chromatin, cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane, cell membrane, chromosome See class notes or text book 25. Cancer is _uncontrolled cell growth___________________________________. 26. Cancer is caused by____cell regulators not functioning properly___________________. 27. Define benign A tumor that does not spread 28. Define malignant A tumor that develops and spreads 29. Define metastasis When a tumor spreads to another part of the body. 30. What are cyclins and what do they do? Cyclins are proteins which control the rate of the cell cycle 31. Name 3 types of non-disjunction and describe them. Trisomy 21 Klinfelters Turner’s Syndrome