TEAS Prep Notes - Bio and Chem

ALL ABOUT CELLS2 Types of cellsProkaryotesEukaryotesSingle celledsingle celled & multicelledBacteria, AlgaePlants. animals, fungi, and protistslarge cells (10x as large as Prokaryates)Extremely small cellscontains nucleus & organellesNo nucleus or organellesmultiple chromosomessingle, usually circular chromosomesmirosis of meiosis for reproduction & growthReproduces by fission (budding)Plasma cell membrane: & phospholipid bilayer that acts as a highly selective cell. barrier for passive andstructures Functioncytoplasm Aqueous active mixture of proteins and other biological melecules which surrounds other organelles.transport. Regulates what enters evits theNucleus: chloroplast: Regulates site of all cell activity cellreplication. does this through DNH which codes for enzymesphotosynthesisthatout all important cell jobs.embeddedRibosomes: carry involved in synthesizing ER. uses RNA proteins to transcribe from amino the acids. original some DNA are outside mobile code of into and cell proteins. some areGolgi Apparatus: in the Sorts, rough ships & modifies proteins. secretes materialsused for storage. digestion & waste removal.&allowstransportvacuoles: sacs consists of microtubuses which are made of the protein. transport Provide system structure of a cell for cell in the cellCytoskeleton Reticulum: Tubular network ribosomes that comprises + is the site where proteins & detoxities are madeEndoplasmic Rough smooth ER ER- - uses Has Has oxygen no ribosomes to burn & glucose produces and lipids produces division. ATP They for cell's organize energy theentrioles: nitochondria: cylinder cell powerhouse, shaped structures that are involved in cellularspindle pair of centrioles. involved in mitosis & the material cell cyclefibers during mitosisremoved.terosome: comprised proteins. of lipids, the and carbonydrates and transports undigested to maximize so they absorption can besome: & Flagellum: Digests Enable movement or serve to increase cell surface area macromolecules4 classes of organic macromciecules: carbohydrates, lipids proteins & nucleic audsmonaners (small molecules) juin 10 make polymers (multiple munomers)Denyaration syntheys Bonds of polymers are created by removing a water molecuie to createa coverent bondHydrolysis: Bonds at polymers are broken by theaddition of water molecule to sputapart the 2 monomers release energyAnabolic reactions: Builds larger and more complex molecules (macromolecules) from smaller ones.Require EnergyCatabolic reactions Larger molecules are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Release Energy!Endothermic reactions chemical rths that absorb heaterothermic reactions chemical rxns that release heatThe four basic building blocks involved in catabolic oxns . monosaccharides (Glucose), amino acids,Fattyacids (glycerd) nucleotidesCarbohydratessugars or can be further broken down by respiration or fermentation by glycolysisstarches that the body breaks down to glucoseGlucose made up of carbon, hydrogen & oxygen (CH2O)example of simple sugars (givease, fructose. sucrose)Polysacharides polymer of carbonydratesstructural material Polysaccharides cellulose (contains (structural glucose material of of plants, aminoacids human to form body exterior can't digest skeleton it acts of arthropods as a fiber) JExamples ofEnergy storage: Glycogen chitin (stored in liver & muscle tissue form as a of form starch of energy)Anylose 23 plants store energy in thecalclar communication: Glycoproteins & GlycolipidsAmylopectinLipids contain long strands of sydrogen(H) and carbon (c) atoms called solutions hydrocarbon chains)Hydrophobic- dont bond well wl water or mix well w/ waterto store energy (fats, oils, adipose)Function Fatty Three Acids: types is of hydrocarbon upids made w/ chain higlycendes, 3 fatty ends acid in chains a phospholipicts carboxy & sound group to L steroids a glycerol molecule, can be un/saturated.Triglycerides (Fat) contain 2 fatty acid chains bound to a hydraphillic phosphate groupsteroids Phosphalipids don't contain Fatty acias, are hydrophobic and include cholesterol & sex hormones this iswhen they can directly cross a cell membrane woul having to bind to a receptor ProteinsFound in nearly all tissues and cellsProtein monomers are called Amino addsAminoAcids an amino group, a carboxy! group, Hydrogen of an R group (20 diff. Amino acids)Amino acids are linked by a peptide bond - forms w/ removal of water from the carbay & amino groupmultiple amino acids linked by pepticle bonds polypeptide chainThe structure of a process is a key fuctor in the role it plays in the bodywas Types of ProteinsGlobular proteins contain R groups that are soluble in water (nydrophillic). can be transportedin the blood (ex: hemoglobbin. normones, antibodies, enzymes)Fibrous Proteins: Do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), found in keratin & collagen-membrane proteins serve as transport carriers or signal transferLock & key (substrate mustEnzymes : speed up the rate of rxn site) activation energy,fit into enzyme's activeNuclesc Addsthe genetic material for all living cellsNudelc supply acid monomer = nucleotide (functions as a source of energy AKA ATP)structure of nucleotide contains a phosphate group. 5 carbon sugar ring, & a nitragenous base2 Types of Nucleic AcidsDNA : Found in chromosomes stores genetic into for an organism contains sugar &bone of peoxyribose & contains the nitrogencius bases, Adenine Guanine,back (Purines) Cytosine & Thyamine (Pyrimidines). Has a double helix structure.the DNA into proteins that are encoded by genes, Has a sugar Uracil.RNA:Translates backbone of Ribose and contains bases. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine &RNA consists of a single strand moleculesHerecitycovalentDNA exists in the nucleus at our cells. They are wrapped around histone proteins andlonicare formed to a chromosomeGene is the unit of inheritance. is a specific section of DNN in a specific location on achromosome. Genes contain into that code) for proteins, which dictate how a cell functionspairingofbasesApairsw/T&Cpairsw/Gsides of the double helix adder contain pentose sugar & phosphateThe bases are attached to each other w/ hydrogen pepile bonds, which are easily dismantledso replication can occur. (A-T linked us z H bonds. C-G linked w/ 3)codons: A group of 3 nitrogenous bases used to synthesize Amino acids. A codon has the thecode for a single amino acids. and the codons instruct ribosomes to assempleamino acids in a particular orderFor to be expressed DNA must first be transcribed to mRNA (messenger). RNA molecules The a mRNAa protein the nucleus and is carried to ribosomes where ribosomalthen transfer leaves RNA (+RNA) work together to make a function proteincell Replication: two strands that make up the PNA double helix are "read" by the and cellThe in the '5 to 3' direction. The lett strand is read from top to bottomthe right strand is read from bottom to top.mitosis & melosismitosis produced. results in 2 identical daughter cells from dliploid a single cell parent. NumberBody of chromosomes cells are remains the same as parent (46) This is astages of mitosisgenetic/cytoplasmicmaterialinterphase cell prepares thickens for division into chromosomes by replicating at & d the spinclle nudear fibers membrane form disintegrates Pairs ofPropnase: chromatin move to opposite sides cellcentrioles spindle moves to center of cell & chromosomes chromosomes pairs align along center of spindle structureAnaphase: metaphuse Chromosomes pairs pull apart into daughter forms again>pindle disintergrates, nuclear membrane indenticalcylorinisis: Telophase: Physical splitting of cells into 2 daughter cellsonemerosis original cells split/divides twice pair and the four resulting cells each have onlychromosome or each homologousstages of meiosis I 4 meiosis 11 Genes And AllelesChromosome : compressed bodies of DNA molecules that store codons for thetranslation of several kinds of prateinsAneles: codes for the traits of an organismi you have 2 alleles for each traft,one inherited from each parentIf alleles are alike, that person is homologous for that specific gene-If alleles are different, that person is heterozygous for that particular gene-Alleles can be dominant or recessive-ex: homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, reasonheterozygovsGenotype: Genetic makeup including dominant d recessive allelesphenotype Genes express themselves in physical characteristics Chemistrycomposition of Atomscentral Nucleusnucleus- Nevrons (neutral)same mass- Protons (+)opposite charges blwnprotons + electrons createan attraction that keepsorbital cloudthe electrons in the- electrons (-) > No massorbital aoudEvariations on now many neutrons are in cons an atomIsotypes: that have gained I lost elections are awked Anion: Negative charge ion (gained electrons)Aloms cation: Positive charge ion (lost elections)Electron configurationcan hold 2 electronsEach This orbital describes where all the orbital elections G reside electrons, around 0 orbital that nucleus 18 electrons. F orbitals: 32 electronsPvalence S orbital electrons: 2 electrons overmost electrons periods that can = rows turn (7) bonds Groups: with other columns atoms (1e)Periodic tableGroups Elements on the left side react strongly wl waterhave similar propertiesAtumic # (Protons)Group 1: Alkali -highly reactive17aElementAtomic mass -Group Transition metals : low to negligible reactivity2: Alkali Earth- fairly reactive35.5Group 17: Halogens - highly reactiveAtomic RadiusGroup 18: Noble gases stableDistance from center of atomto its outer shellTendency of an atom to bond wl atoms other atomsElectronegativity:by taking electrons from thoseAmount Ionization of energy for removal of electionsEnergyT :from an atom:molecules Bond: A chemical bond where electrons are SHARED between atoms (2 Nonmetals)and Bondscovalentlonic Bond: Between 2 metals or a metal and a nonmetal. complete TRANSFER of electrons. Properties of substancesExtensive Properties : amount of matter being measured. depends on state of matter (ex. Mass valintensive Properties: Do not depend on the amount of substance or state of matter (ex. Density)melting point: Temp at which suild changes to a liquidBoiling point: Temp as which liquid boils and turns to vapor (gas)specific Heat capacity: Amount of energy needed to change the temp of 19 of a substance by 1°Cmalieability manipulating shapeNonpolar A type of covatent bond in which 2 atoms share electronsthat have neg and pos sides, attracted to each other (ex. water)Diffusion: Polar: molecues mingling of substances from areas of high to low concennation concentration of sourceosmosis: Passage of Hypertonic fluid through water will a leave membrane, Hypotonic low water T to Pressure high rushes into The cellcool,States of mattercool-water to ke by conductionthe cellLiquidHeat 7 pressureGussolidHeatmacures less tightly packedmateuries moving & spread apartmolecules rightly packedvibrational & Translational motionHighly compressiblevibrational motsonNo definite shapetakes shape of containerNO definite volumeFixed shapeRetains folumeFixed volumechanges in state of mattercondensation Gas HaurdDeposition: GassolidEvaporation /vaporization : Liquid>aras Freezing LiquidsolidGasmelting saidliquidsublimation soldPhase Diagram A graph of phusical states of a substance under varying temps and pressurePoint: Temp + Pressure @ which all 3 phases coeristTriple Point: The temp + pressure a which liquid & gas phases have the same densitycriticalscientific method (Reasoningmesachemical RXNS1. observationKilaHecto1synthesis (combination A B AB2. Hypothesis0 basebage,Decomposition AB A+B3. Experimentcent2Substitution: A+BC AC+B, A+BCAB +C4. Data Analysismillimicro3precipitation: AB t CD AD CB+S. conclusion5Neuralization (Acid-Base)independent vanable. The thing you are testing (cause)SRedox (Reduction-Oxidation)Dependent vanable The thing you are measuring (EHCEL)4control variable Remains unchanged throughout