TEAS Prep Notes - Skeletal System

Vertebraecervical vertebrae (7)certebral arteries pass through herecurry blood to brainmay be forkedAll will have transverse foraminaThoracic venebrae (12)transverse facetsnead ot nb fits herecostal facetspinous process points downAll have transverse costal facets- tuberare of ribarticulates hereRib will go through the tacets and wxap.aroundAttach 12 pairs of ribsHunchback kyphosisspinousprocessLumbar Vertebrae (5)spinous process points backTOO much lumbar Lordasissacrum (1)"s curve scoliosisCoccyx (1)SAxial skeleion - Skull, ventebrae, rib cage, nyoid bone (longue)Appendicular Sheleton - limbs, scapura, clavicle , pelvisTypes of Bonesmore longer than wide ex: Femur, Tibia Fibula. meratakals pal 1 phalanges,long Bones :numerus, radius, metacarshort Bones: wider than they are longer ex: carpals tarsalsFlat Bones: Net hollow but contain marrow ex: sternum.ribs,xapuka, pelvisirregular Bones: Nonsymmetrical ex: venebros. skull, knee, elbow Elastic ~ most HeribleCARTILAGESHyalin e ~most common /veisatileFibrocartilage most strongestEpiglottisElastic cartilage-only found inEar andENglottismeniscusEARTRACHERknee, Shoulder,Noseelpow, wriststernum)ribsHyaline cartilagefound inpublicintervertebral disc- Articuar cartilage- nasal cartilage- costal cartilage- Tracheal cartilageL Larynx (volcebox)Spinal card- collagen fibers& hervesspinalweakenshock- filled that pull wl Signature water-nucleus pulposispops outnulleusSymptomspurposesNumbnessAnnuasTinglingsensoryFibrosispainRing of strongcollagen fibersmuscle weakness } motorFoot dropOssification - process of tranforming cartilage into bone tissue,www.sciencewithsusanna.comincreasing bone mass -Femur-HumerusLon g Bone AnatomyTypiaRadius/vinaosteocytescm childhood, lack of ca or -RicketsBonematrixcalcium salts (incrgank) strength atenough? osteopenia, osteoporosis - causes FragileBones, lack of ca. + vit. Dcollagen fibers (organic) Flexibility NOT enough? Brittle Bone oreease. Defectivecollagine, results in Fragile bonesJuint capsule"Red formation'ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) fromkidneys and stimulates KBC productionProvince4pmRed Bone marrow:Growth hormone fromHemapoletic stem cellspituitary gland vBlood formation"Epiphysealdplase (growthRBCs WBCs platelestsplace)* Hyasine cartilage isyellow Bone marrow (Fat storage)where added length to the boneperiosteum ? membranes contain stemeventually S replaced bone (essived)endosteum 3 to make new bone!harmoneosteoprogenitor cellsPTHbloodbe+wt kamellarosteoblastsoyeoclastscaldumEstrogen boneAfter Addrescensee,Lay downinhibitsmatrik w/ Her andhormone (GH)Bone matrixweight bearing lysozymesand Growth the epiphseacosteons)called asteocutesinhibitsplates will "fuse",Then calledcompact Bone: Dense, tall columns(Lamellar)Epiphyseal lineof bone, called OSTEONS(cortical#maintritten/Trauma can causespongjBone Less Dense, strength butthe plate to fuse early(Trabecular) keeps bone lightweightTendons uses Sharpey's fibers to connect tendon to boneBreeen Bone Demineralizationsesamoid Bones are embedded in tendonsmuscle to bonelower Leys (Tibia & Fibula)= crural regionLigaments=Bone to Bone, forms a juintBone to juint meal*101 of boneevery yearare replacedmicroscopic Anakmy of Boneosteoblasts : build bone-osteoclasts break down boneosteons. structures composed embedded of calcium, inphosphate cylindrical & hydrocapatilecollage matrixLamella /Lamina: sheets of Bone matrix Forms osteon ringsLacunae whereca4 safts d collagen fibersstressveins,Artenes,nervescells reside, theycanaliculi connect all uponecells"selectsgoingthroughbonewe spaces foundin between theosteocytes in anosteon, smallosteocytes: stuck in place, butLamina/cameliachannels thatwere young of called byingstem off ofwhen down they mattix, they Immigrated were fromHaversian cancel:lacunaeOsteoblastsperi/endosteumRun down thecenter of osteon,contains blood vesselsand nervesconagen primary pweinof CTcentralcanalmeansbee(BIZ, lian)Bring Oz & nutrients necessary for hematoporesivein leaves carrying new blood cells; alsocames CO2 it other waste Snerve carries sensory and motorvolkmann canals: connects Haversan Perforating canal, passes through the compactcandls, enables nutrient exchangeforbone, allows passage of blood vessels and nervesbtwn osteonsin and out of the bone marrowwhen stressed, bloodBone Healingvessels declate that(Hematoma - large blood dot @ sight of breaks, strops further blood losssupply the skeletal"blood tumor""caltilage bud"system2Perio steum- chondrobasts - temporary cartilageosteoblasts "woven bone" looks disorganized but is quick to make3Replaced w/ spongy bone (tratecular)4Replace w/ lamellar (compact) bone ~ 3-5 yearswww.sciencewithsusanna.comorder of Bone HealingHematoma Formation, Fibrocartilage callus, bony callus, bone remadeling megTypical Joint structuresynovial membranemakes a slippery (synovial) fluid thatPeriateumBursa:sacs of synovalRegistroRheumatoid reduces Artheritis (RA) Autoinmune disease,frictionunderperson's WBCs attack this membrane,strong correlation w/ gluten sensativityfluid outside of the joint,toreduce friction.Between tendons&JOINTbones, between skin t CAPSULEArticular cartilage (Hyaline cartilage)bones-smooth & glassymenisaReduces FrictionFibrocartilage padsTrauma or ovense?collateralcushion & stabili zeRoughened articular cartilageligamentsJointmedial (Tibual) andOSTEO ARTERITIS : Degenerative joint disease,Lateral (Fibular)loss of ashioning certilagemultional juintsSynovial Joints: contains lubricating synoval fluid ex: Pivot (neck), Ball & sucket (HIP),Types of Joints:Hinge (knee)Fibrous Joints: only held by ligaments, immovable ex. joints in the skullartilaginous Joints: partially moveable ex: Joints in the vertebraeafter