Chapter 3: Sensation

Psychology-Chapter 3 Sensation activation of the senge organs (Physical response) perception: how stimuli are interpreted (Psychological response) "Sortingou!" "analysis", "integration of somull" Stimulus why passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ Stimull vary in type and Intensing Psychophysics study of the relationship between the actual physical aspects of a stimulus and our psychological expenence of that stimulus sabsolute treshold the lowest intensity of a stimulus that an organism can detect hoise background Stimislation that interferes with the perception of other Stimuli. & refers not just to auditong stimuli, but also to unnanted stimuli that Interfere I other senses. difference treshold the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in Stimulation has occurred. also called "Just noticeable difference": Weber's law states that a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intenstory of an initial stimulus (rather than a constant samt (ex: If the room was loud to bogin / the stimulius needs to bo loud to be natucd (Sensory) Adaptation: an adjustment in sensory comparty after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli (Our brain mentally turns & the volume of the Stimulation) eve) Viam tarts T. light (the physical energy that Stimulates the eve light is measured in wavelenghts Visual Spectrums range of waveringhts that is visible to the human esse Frestruture →Corneal Transparent, protective window at the front of the enge eyestreturo Scornea-pupil-lens-retina The curvature of the comia "berids" or "tehack" light as it passes thigh, playmua tuning miler in focusing the light monsterthy comea pupill Loupe dark hile in the center of the iss 195: if is the coloreed part of the eye, which ranges trom light bute-dark brown) pupil chlapes of constmas dimmer lighting dilation brighter environment constriction small pupil-greatly increased the range of distances at whichobjects am in focus inde open pupli range in relatively small, details are harder to discern →Tens: Hirectie behind the pape Lens acts to bend the rays of light so that they are property focused on th rear of the eye Accommod athont lens focuses ligom by changing its owen thickness. flatter when looking adistant objcets. rounder-Etoser objeck (as the image travels throlon the lens, it overses lensretina Itself! The image going to the retina is upsidedown. →keting (ultimate destination in theoyo). the part of the eye that esriverts electomagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses for transmission to the bramm has 2 Kinds of light sensitive receptors cells in the retimn. rod @tones "arethm Cylindrical cone Shared responsible for Sharp locks and #highly sensitive to light night vision. particulary in bnam light penpheral nsion -located in the to veg dimly lit situations largely insensitive to Color and sharp detalls psychology continued (Ch) dark adaptathious adjusting to dim light after being in bright wh adaptation depends on rate of change in chemial composition of rods cohes -cones adapt few mins rods 20-30 mins light adaptation-adjusting to binght light after being in dim light -takes only a mmute or 60. Rods contain rhodopsin (complex reddish purple protein rrhose compositio changes chemically when energined by light) Bipolar/gangen perve caps rods and comesisend information to Dirolar cells and biyolar cells send Information to the ganglion cols Ganglion cells summance inter which is sent through back of the eyeball and sent to the brain through ganglion axons called optic nerves optic chlasm Optic herres from each eye mectint a point roughly between the two eyes where the optic nerve splits. does go from the optic herve brain ppte herre-optic chiasin-borin ganglion censt one of the initial sites once the message has reached the brain. Some ganglion celle activated by light in center (dartwess surrounding) Lother't uchrated by light in the center (darkness in surrounding area) maxamine the detection of ranations in Ihot and darkness- Visual cortex Vitimate processing ofension images, takes place here avis complex Kind of processing oc Feature detectors specialized neurers that are activated only by visual Stimuli having certain features such as a particular shape) pattern. ox: particular lines of particular width, shape, miving/ stationary stron >bam cyaums peces different things memay process shapes, colors, movement, location, desh..etc. prosopagnosia-malbinity to recogaine fres Homanet normal @lar vissancan distingish up to Imillion difp col eyestructive Scica pupillers rehna 77. then-color blind 04/ nomen Color Wind Colorblindnike the world dull lack contrast most common-redd green-seen as yellor Some ppl cant differentiate yellow blue- -yare cases some people perceive color at all. richmematic theory of color vision theory propossied by Thomas young & expended by Hermenn von Helmhotte in the 10005 theory sug fost there is spriones in the reting Icone-responsive to blue violet Icone-responsive to green Icone-responsive to yellom fred tinchromanc processes work win the Peting iself) 7perception of color intivenied by the relative strenght w/ which each of the 3 kinds of cones is activat teyl see lue sky, blie-violet cones are activated, others less actire) after maged-looking & anfmage for about a min and then locking da Whve sheet of paper & the 1488 colas change. Opponent proceestcong I receptor cells gre polinked in pairs, working in opposition proposed by taqwald Hening (laincentury) to each enim other bive-yellow pairing Ored-green rairing @lelack-white paring Coppancht mechanisms operate both in the retina, and at later Stages of neuronal processing). →can explain afterimage. Hearing fother senses Sense of motion and balance resides in the ear Calong Theaning) Outer ear acts as a reverse megaphone to bring bounds to inside of card sound localization process by which we i denting the direction from Which a sound is coming. Sound movement of air molecules brovent by a source of vibration- MHAS Hammer, Al, Strap (MIS) How sound goes to bram Canal Cartinom-middle-oval mondon (imate) auditory onnal tube like passage that leads to end part of the car that vitantes when soshd neares hit it Apdaterar mychamber containing 3 bones (an fransmit vihains to the aval infor Oval window thin manbane leading to the inner tar force of sound waves become amplified as the oval windore middle ear acts as a tiny amplifier wanenem portion of the car that changes suundu i bratices into form in which they can be transmitted to the bain cocted cored tube that looks like gonaill and is faled found that Vibrates in response to sound >basilar membrane structure that seperates the cochics into Upper lover chanteer. >basilar membrane covered hair calls >hair calls bent by vibrations entering cochlea, and the cells sond La neural messy to the brain Errauency hot ware cycles that cour in ion seem frequencues-few wave cycles second. Pichcharadenstic that makes sounds seem "high" or "lon" lowest frequency umans can hear: 20 cycles Becond amplitude wave patiems that alleer of to Sof sounds necibelse sang cof sounds distinguish berween loud and Sounds higher than Codeurbes paintul to human om Hyperacuses person acutely sensitive to sounds that others find toleratae. (ex doorbells, emmblingpaper painful for them) Olure pidie theory of hearing different trees of basilar mumloane are specialized to respond to diff sound frequences is frequency theory heaning entire basilar membrane acts as 1 Microphone vibratingas a whole reacoatoval window predvency/marest cockiten frequeny In response to sonny. and car prozess sound differently ear reacts more to speech. Lear reacts to more music cholocation use of sand wares and echoes to determine where objects are. Lused by Bats/pplt impaired vision) Vestibular system responds to the pull of granty and allows us to Maintain our balance, even irthensfanding in a bus in stop-go traffic > main structure formed by the semicircular canals of the Iniver eary which consist of a tubes Containing fouid that sloches through them when the head mores signaling rotational, or angular movement to the brails -pull on our bodles sented by the othuliths tiny motion-sensitire crystals in the semiaralar canals. When we more crystals shift, contacting the hale calls in the Semicircular canal. SMEIL olfaction-fense of smell allows us to detectrore than 19,000 seperate smalls > women have better sense of smell than men. > sense of smell sparked when the molecules enter the nasal passage & meet Olfactory cells the receptor neurms of the hose- more than 1,000 type of receptors have been identified on those cells. response of Olfactory Cells gre then transmitted to bran, where they are combined into recognition of a particularsmed TASTEL gustation sense of taste involves receptor cells that respond to of basic stymulus auarities Sweet 5th category exists: Kavory @sour Salty umami tovores food that contain aminu bitter auds We have roughly 10,000 taste bude (distributed accross tre tounge tid other parts of mourn throat) Haste beds war outl-replaced areng 10 days ors Superfasterse vs. hontaster's may seek-Out relat highly sensitive to taste fatmer foods tok trice as many receptors as may be prone to "hontasters". mainly female make up 15% of the us population RSDS-reflex Bympithetic dystrophy syndrome disease charactented by constant, intense pain that is out of proрогном to any inung (small stimulus, exgentle breeze, touch of a feather) oan produce agony skan senses touch pressure, temperaturo, Pain Chrome pain aflects numition timen cons pain can be out tome of cell injung, when a cell is damaged, regardless of the source of damage, It releasce a chemical called surance Phat transmits path messages to the brain Igate control theory of pamaparticular here receptors in the spinal cord tend to Speutic areas of the main related to pain when receptors are activated bic of Injury problem ta part of the body, a "gate to the brain is opened, causing usto feel pain mother set of receptors, car) when stimulated close the gatell gate pain con ke chut by 2 ways other impulses van overnheim the name Dashindys honpainful stimul competes with and displaces the neural mssy of pain. Lex robbing the skin around an injungi listenino tomusic) competing stimuli can overpower the painful ones. 2 neural gate can be shut by Psychological frefore it an individuals Cument emotions, interpretation of events, prenons expenence Managing paw medication Hypnosis nemelbram stimulation Biofeedback relaxation Surgeng light therapy techniones cogntire restructunng -Virtual reality themipry textune gradient provides into about distance, more detalls are perceived as closer ex looking at Pletive-pol intront homem more sput features th In the bacle Sensory coupless Synesthesia Berceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one Sensory system (such as hanning), hvoluntarily leads a person to experience an additional sensong response in a diff sensory system (suchas genetically inherited multimodal perception brash celicts the information from the individual ansory systems and Integrates coordinates H perceptual organization Figure object being percend. ground background of spaces within the object. perception constructive process by which we go beyond the stimull that are presented to us and attempt to construct a meaningful situation. Gestalt laws of organization senes of principles that focus on the ways We organize bats and pieces of information into meaningful whotes. tosure Simulanty simplicity focuses on fonction meaning of stimules work Simutaneously topdam praessings perception is guided by higher level knowledge, expenene expectations and motivations- "see bigger picture, then break it perception is affected by our expectations Bottom-up processing Consists of the progression of recognizing and Processing information from individual components of a stimuli and moving the pereption of the whole. drecognitanyl attending to smaller features then putting it together (ux plecte) *Houses on what the stimulus 25" depth perception ability to View the world in 3 dimensions and in the images seen to peeure distanis- by the Wand and Do Deye. Binocular dispanty difference * difference from these images helps vs determere distance * onellem far retinal dispariny One close Is larger both objects strme & retinal dispanty distance is minor