Chapter 2: Neurons

Chapter 2-psychology. neurons-messages are passed through neurons (herre cells) •hare a nucleus •held in place by glial cells (nourish, insulate, repair damage & support hevron function) "Compose the nervous cystem. •Communicate Tother cells and transmit info acurass relatwely long distances regulate behavior? -have dendrites tree-like fibers that receive messages from other heurons. •have axons (carry messages received to other nevrons) •fer axons end in terminal buttons last part. Final stop where messages are sent to other hevrons through their dendrites- •messages received through a huron are elletical. • electrical messages traved one-way only are protected by myelin sheath (protective count of fort/proteins axon's that prevents exerical messages from Short-circuiting. myelin sheat increases velouty with which electrical impulses travel through axons •axon sends dendrites recerre- ball or hone-lav elther hevronsfire or they dent. alresting state (-charge of (70) millivolts hevrons trancmit info at a rate of about 330mph. • speedos action potential is moving from one end of the axon to the other like of flame moving along a fuse. •speed of action potential depends on axons size and thickness • Intensity determines how much of a neurontis putential firing hotte is reached. Minor nevrons-hevrons that fire by observing another Maindual carring out the same behavior ex chymy in a sad scene from a morre. Doing watching Synapse space between 2 nevrons. terminal button releases huntransmitters (carry messages from nemon to another) one *messages inside nerrams are transmitted in electrical form. messagestraveling between nevirons traard via chemical form Chemical messages are either Excitatory-make It more likely the huuron willfire. If neurotransmitters are receive, reuptake happene Re-uptake terminal buttons take them back. deactivates hevrotransmitters so they don't clos the synapse. Most common inhibitorynevrotransmitter - GABA Most compron exonratory-Glutamate GABA/Glutamate Xinratong. glutamate-plays a role in memory Gaba Plays a role in moderating variety of behaners ranging from eating to agoreshorf steeping herous system penpheral hentrs syskn. Central nervous system (brama spime) (everything else) SNS ANS autonamic (automatit Spinal cord, as thickas a penal and Contains a bundle of neurons that leave the brain and ron down the length of the back (voluntary movements ites into to and from sense organs controls parts of the body that automatically ownes impules hom brain Keep usalim. bremens heart, lungs.. to musite Sulpathetic fight or fight 242 yarasympathetic trest and digest → sensory neurons (afferent) - Transimit info from the body through the senser to the brain (central nervous system) > motor nevrons lefferent) communtcate in fo from the brain to the muscles and glands SAME > Sympathetic division-prepares the body for action in Stressful situations by Tengaging all of the organisms resources to run away or Contron't the Threat "FIGHT OR FLIGHT > Parasympathetic division-autonomic nervous system acts to calm the body after the emergeney has ended. •also directs body to store energy for use in emergencies. evolutionary psycholong the bianch of psychology that identifies how behanor is infmenced by genetics. Endocrine system-communication network that sunds messages through the body via the bloodstream. •Secretes hormones (chemicals that regulate function/growth of body to the hypothalamus •Closely linked •Hormones-Chemical messangers •Hormones take longer to reach their destination than neurons •travel throughout the body Oin a smgle me Pituatary gland • regulated by the hyrothalamus "master gland"-controls functionings of the rest of the endocrine System. controls as lowth. •Brain maintains intermal balance # of the bocky through the hypothalamus central core (old brain") Hindbrain (medulla, pons, cerebellum) -medulla controlls breathines heartbeat pons-transmitter of motor information, coordinating muscles and integrating movements. - Involved in regulating sleep -Cerebellum controls bodily balance, analysis and coordination of Sensory Information to problem solving. Creticular formation-sleep, arousal, attention. "ever-virgilant guard The hypothalamus is a sensory relay center. Except for smell, the hypothalamus helps with homeostasis, bast sun wal behanor, eating, self-protection, and sex. Umbic system Consists of Amygdala motional processing Hippocampus Memory formation and storage. Cerebral cortex(new Brain-gius us the ability to think, evaluate and make complex judgements *Has major lobesk frontal Parietal tempom Adcapital lobes are superateol by sulci (deep grooves) brain Frontal-motor-personality, intelligove broncas. Parietal-sensory-Spatial location, atention, motor control Temporal-auditory, langvage processingi memory. ocantal-visual. aphasia-problems Tlanguage Broccus aphasia-speech becomes halting, laborious, Ungrammatical, Speakerunable to find night words. Wernickes aphasia produces both difficulty in understandig and producing tanajuerge. neuroplasticity brains ability to change throughout the life span Through the addition of new neurons, new interconnections, and Corganization. nemispheres and side of brain control opposite sides of body Lemisphere-Contris side of body hemisphere-contlo side of borly.