University:
College
Course:
College Psychology
Academic year:

2023
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400

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66
Author:

iPhothalihs

WHS AP Psychology Unit 4: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness Essential Task 4-5: Essential Task 4-5: Describe general principles of perception/ top down processing (organizing and integrating sensation) that promote stable awareness of the external world with specific attention to the Gestalt principles of figure/ground, closure, proximity, connectedness, similarity and the mono and binocular cues for depth perception). Gestalt Principles Perceptual Constancies Basic Principles Visual Illusions Depth Perception We are here Perception Sensation Vision Theories The Eye Pain Other Senses Taste Hearing The Ear Smell Theories Stages/REM Meditation Circadian Rhythm Hidden Observer Disorders Sleep Hypnosis Dreams Altered States of Consciousnes s States of Consciousness Daydreaming and Fantasy Drug-Altered Consciousnes s Stimulants Waking Consciousness Substance Abuse Depressants Hallucinogens Actor Essential Task 4-5: Outline • Describe general principles of perception/top down processing • Gestalt principles of: – – – – – Figure-ground closure proximity connectedness, similarity • Depth perception – Monocular cues – Binocular cues Our brains are meaning machines • We organize the sensory information coming into our brains. • We make assumptions about the sensory information. Oftentimes our perception is greater (different) than the sum of the parts actually presented to our senses. • Gestalt Psychology (“whole”) studied human perceptual self-organizing tendencies. • Found that the brain creates a coherent perceptual experience that is more than simply the sum of the available sensory information AND it does this in predictable ways. Sidewalk chalk art 3D art First step in visual PERCEPTION • Determine Figure from the background (figure-ground) • We organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). Figure-ground Examples of figure-ground What you make the figure and what you make the background determines your perception Figure-ground Figure-ground examples How people form perceptions • Closure • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Connectedness We organize by closure Closure We organize by Proximity Proximity Proximity and Closure We organize by Similarity Similarity We organize by similarity Find the panda! Find the panda! Continuity Connectedness The Principle of Common Region states that objects that are within the same region are perceptually grouped together. Depth Perception Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception. Visual Cliff Binocular Cues • Depth perception that you have because you have two eyes! 1.Retinal Disparity 2.Convergence Binocular Cues: Retinal Disparity • Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. • • The amount of disparity (difference) between the two images can be used as a cue for distance Try holding up two fingers one in front of the other. Focus on the front one (you should now see two images of the back one). Now move the back one away from, then back towards you, while still focusing on the front one. – – Close one eye then line the fingers together so that the closer finger eclipses the one in the back. Now open your eye that was closed, then shut the one that was open. Binocular Cues: Convergence Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects. Monocular Cues – depth cues Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away. Monocular Cues Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. Monocular Cues Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer. Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear. Monocular Cues Texture Gradient: Closer objects tend to have a courser texture than to far way objects Monocular Cues Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction. Monocular Cues Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the ones that are shaded on top are seen as “sticking out toward us” Our perceptions are predictable and therefore they can be exploited. Impossible Figures impossible object (also known as an impossible figure) • looks three-dimensional but cannot be a two-dimensional projection of a real three-dimensional object How do we perceive forms? • Perceptual Constancy – Our tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information • Color constancy • Shape constancy • Size constancy Perceptual constancy Perceiving objects as unchanging • Color Constancy – Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if change in illumination alters the wavelength – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wi MDO2yXCsk What is the color of the dress?! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A skAQwOBvhc Is That Dress White and Gold or Blue and Black? Are you actually seeing what you are seeing? People's perception of one particular object's size will not change https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCV2Ba5wrcs Ames Room https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJhyu6nlGt8 Perception of Movement Apparent movement – optical illusion that makes a still object appear to move – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIkzvdLRSO8 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKqF9xN0_q4 • Stroboscopic motion – Created by a rapid series of still pictures – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFvTrL2cGMo • Phi phenomenon – Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfcNoMnKjrY • Autokinetic illusion – Perceived motion of a single object due to eye movements on an ‘impoverished background’ – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVakQSYL8SA False Patter Recognition NOT ON THE AP EXAM! Just food for thought! • Apophenia – human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within random data – Perceptual set False Pattern Recognition False Pattern Recognition False Pattern Recognition False Pattern Recognition False Pattern Recognition • What did you see? • What did you perceive? Perceptual Set • Predisposition/readiness to precieve something in accordance to what we expect: – Motivation – Culture – Past experiences – Context – Schema – Expectations (expectancy) PARAPSYCHOLOGY CAN THERE BE PERCEPTION WITHOUT SENSATION? Parapsychology Field of psychology that studies evidence of psychological phenomena that are currently inexplicable by evidence. ESP – Extrasensory perception– controversial and paranormal claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Extrasensory perception (ESP) • Precognition -- supernormal knowledge of future events (that has been predetermined) • Clairvoyance -- the ability to see or know things without actually perceiving them via the senses. • Telepathy – mind to mind communication • Telekinesis/psychokinesis – moving remote objects through mental process Anamorphic illusion • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G IvD-_ITco8&feature=youtu.be ESP Continued • 1998 National Research Council investigation on ESP concluded that there are no strong evidence to support that such phenomenon exist. • Parapsychologists have been unable to replicate ESP phenomena under controlled conditions. – It cannot be replicated in an experiment. James Randi James Randi has offered one million dollars to anyone who can prove a genuine psychic power under proper conditions