Review Sheet for Biology Exam I

Review Sheet for Biology Final Exam Realize that this Review sheet is NOT INCLUSIVE – This is just to give you some ideas of things that you need to focus your studying on but it is no guarantee of what will be on the exam. Exam I Material Chapter 1: Studying Life ( Sections 1.1- 1.2)  Understand and be able to describe the parts of the Scientific Method / how it works o What is a Hypothesis o What is a null hypothesis o What is the independent variable o What is the dependent variable o What are replicates and why are they important o When you analyze your data can you prove your hypothesis  What are the main parts of the Cell Theory?  Compare inductive and deductive reasoning and give examples of each  What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative measurements  Given a scenario, be prepared to identify the following: observation, hypothesis, null hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental “treatment” group, control group, constants, data, conclusions • Explain the difference between the everyday meaning of the term “theory” and its meaning to scientists  List the 3 Domains and the type of organisms contained within each domain  Be able to classify an organism as belonging to one of the 3 domains What do these terms mean? • Evolution – Know the basics and be able to give definition – • Positive/Negative Feedback – What is a feedback system? – What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? – Be able to identify examples of feedback systems • • • • Biology – Natural SelectionIndependent Variable Dependent Variable List 3 difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Chapter 2 - Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life Define each of the following  Matter  Atoms  Atomic number  Atomic mass  Isotope  Octet Rule  valence number  electronegativity  What is the difference between an element and a compound?     What are the parts of an atom? What are Isotopes? What are Valence electrons? Understand Periodicity of the periodic table o What do the Rows tell you? o What do the Columns tell you ( for A groups) –  Define these types of Chemical Bonds - ( and be able to differentiate between them) o Ionic o Covalent  Non polar  Polar o Hydrogen    What is a polar molecule? What type of bond holds two water molecules together? What type of bond holds the Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms within a molecule of water together? What are the important properties of Water? What is Adhesion? What is Cohesion? Why does ice float? Why is this important? Why does salt dissolve in water but oil does not? What is Chromotography and how does it separate the components of a mixture/ solution?         Understand the pH scale o Acidic solutions are ________ pH range o Neutral solutions are ________pH o Basic or Alkaline solutions are _______ pH range  What is a buffer and how does it work?  Given the information below, be able to calculate both [H+] and [OH-] concentrations for a solution as well as pH and pOH of the solutions  [H+] x [OH-] = 1 x 10-14  Use to calculate concentrations of H+ or OH- ions  pH + pOH = 14  Use to calculate pH and pOH A solution with a pH of 5 would have a [OH] of _______________? Chapter 3 – Proteins Carbohydrates and Lipids & Chapter 4 – Nucleic Acids (Section 4.1 ONLY) • Name and recognize by sight four ways in which the atomic structure of carbon allows for enormous variability in organic compounds • Describe the binding capacities (valences) of C,H,O,N • For each of the functional groups: recognize by sight/verbal description, describe how the group will interact with water molecules, describe its functional properties, be prepared to recognize or give an example of each in a biological molecule Draw the functional group to the side of the name • Hydroxyl group • –Carbonyl group • –Carboxyl group • –Amino group • –Sulfhydryl group • –Phosphate group • –Methyl group • List the three types of isomers and define them -  List the Four major types of organic molecules and macromolecules 1 2. 3. 4.  Need to know all 4 and be able to recognize their structure                What is a monomer? What is a polymer? What are the four key functions of saccharides (carbohydrates)? What functional group defines a reducing sugar? What type of monomers make up disaccharides and starches? How do starches differ from disaccharides? What is dehydration synthesis? What is a condensation reaction? What are some of the major functions of proteins? What type of monomers make up proteins? What kind of functional groups do these monomers have? What are the monomers in a triglyceride? What class of lipid stores more energy than any other kind of biomolecule? What is the difference between an oil and a fat? what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids? For the images above What are the of macromolecules do For the images below molecules? What main group they make up? What are these groups of atoms called? What is the name for each specific group? In what type of macromolecules are each of these found ? What category of molecules are phospholipids What category of molecule is a steroid Know and be able to explain the Four Levels of Structure for proteins What factors affect the initial folding and stability of proteins? What environmental factors can affect the structure of a protein? What does denature mean? What are the differences between DNA and RNA? What category of molecule are DNA and RNA?