Review Sheet for Biology Exam 2

EXAM 2 Material Chapter 5– The Cell (Sections 5.1 – 5.4)  What are some of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?  What are some of the differences between plant and animal cells?  What are some of the arguments supporting the bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? For the images above o Identify as Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic o Identify as Plant or Animal Describe the structure and function in detail for each of the following parts in eukaryotic cells nucleusribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, peroxisomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts  Describe the intercellular junction, the plasmodesmata, in plants  Describe the three types of intercellular junctions in animal cells Chapter 6 – Membranes ( Sections 6.1, 6.3 – 6.5)  Know the main components of Biological Membranes and LIST their function o Phospholipid o Glycoprotein o Glycolipid –  Differentiate between the types of Membrane Proteins and know what their function is o Transmembrane o Lipid Anchor  Covalently bound to membrane o Peripheral  Noncovalently bound to membrane o Membranes bound to ECM or Cytoskeleton  Membrane Transport Understand how things move through membranes -- with and without proteins / with and without energy / individual molecules and large quantities o Passive transport  Passive/Simple Diffusion  Small, uncharged, gasses, H20  ________________the gradient (high solute to low solute concentration)  Facilitated diffusion  _____________the gradient  Requires _________________________protein  Large, charged, Ions o Active transport  Requires ____________________ protein and _________  Moves_____________the gradient o Endocytosis  Receptor mediated endocytosis o Exocytosis  Pinocytosis  Phagocytosis Fluid mosaic model o Semi-fluid  List Factors affecting fluidity  Length of __________________  Presence of 1) _________________  Presence of 2) _________________  Temperature  Define these terms and be able to differentiate between them   o o o o o o o o o Diffusion Passive transport Facilitated diffusionActive TransportOsmosis -Hypertonic solutionHypotonic solutionIsotonic solutionPlasmolysis –  If you are given solutions and a semi permeable membrane, be able to determine the direction of movement for each molecule in the system. For the image given – ( starch solution is in the dialysis tubing, lugols is in the water solution outside the bag)     What are the tonicities of the solutions? Which direction are the solutes moving? Why? Which direction is the water moving? Why? Which solutes are unable to move? Why Chapter 7 – Cell Signalling ( Sections 7.1 & 7.2 only)  List the three methods of direct communication in animal and plant cells  Describe the three phases of cell signaling  List three categories of membrane proteins that function as receptors in the process of cell signaling  Describe how intracellular receptors differ from membrane receptors in cell signaling  List three responses that may result from cell signaling Chapter 16 Viruses ( Section 16.3 ONLY )  List two components all viruses have and another component that some viruses have  Explain why most scientists do not consider viruses to be alive  Explain the lytic cycle of bacteriophages  Explain the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages  What types of genetic material can viruses have?  How are viruses classified in terms of their genetic material?  Explain the infectious cycle of retroviruses  Define the following terms -Prophage -Virulent phage Chapter 8 – Energy, Enzymes, Metabolism  List the first two laws of thermodynamics and explain how living things obey these laws  Categorize dehydration synthesis reactions, hydrolysis reactions, photosynthesis and cellular respiration as either exergonic or endergonic  •Given an endergonic or exergonic process/reaction, predict what will happen to entropy and free energy levels  •Describe how exergonic and endergonic reactions are coupled via energy intermediates  •Describe the structures of the ATP/ADP molecules  •Describe how the cycling of ATP/ADP provides energy for chemical, transport, and mechanical work in a cell   Be able to explain how enzymes work to speed up a reaction Describe the (potentially) four levels of structure of a protein enzyme, and describe how protein enzymes can be denatured   Be able to interpret data from enzyme reaction experiments Be able to explain how these 4 factors affect the rate of a reaction in general o pH o Temperature o Substrate Concentration o Enzyme concentration  Define Denature - when or how does this happen?  What is inhibition? Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition