Microbiology - Chapter 1 Worksheet

MICROBIOLOGY 130 - CHAPTER 1 WORKSHEET 1. What are your college or degree pathway/plans? - The degree pathway that I am in is becoming a registered nurse. My plans for college are to graduate here at KCC with my associates in nursing then transferring to a university get my bachelors for nursing. 2. What is the instructor’s role for this course? - The instructor’s role for this course is to help us answer any questions we might have about the coursework. He also is there to provide resources for us if we need any more than the resources that we already have. 3. Of the 4 exams, which is open notes and how do you prepare for it? - Out of the four exams, the third exam is open notes. To prepare for this exam, it is recommended that we read chapter 21-26 early on the semester; we are also welcome to make outlines for these chapters to help us prepare for this exam. 4. When are the chapter worksheets due? When are the chapter outlines due? - Chapter worksheets are due at the time of the exams and chapter outlines are due after the third exam is taken. We are able to earn extra credit if we make the outlines for chapter 21-26. 5. What are the options for building extra credit for the course? - The options that we have is making outlines for chapter 21-26 or do a reflection/report on a documentary. 6. Are you composed of more human cells or microbial cells? - We are composed of more microbial cells than human cells. 7. What is microbiology? - Microbiology is the study of microbes and how they interact with each other, hosts (humans, animals, plants, etc.) and the environment. 8. Given the major groups of microbes, write a few sentences to summarizing them. Eubacteria -----> Eubacteria are single celled organisms and they are prokaryotes. Eubacteria can be in forms/shapes such as; bacillus, coccus, spiral, and sometimes star/square shaped. Individual bacteria can form pairs, chains, clusters, etc. Archaea (bacteria) ------> Archaea are found in extreme environments. Archaea is divided into three main groups; the methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles. The methanogens produce methane as a waste product from respiration. The halophiles can be found at the Dead Sea and thermophiles can be found at Yellowstone National Park. Archaea is not known to cause disease to humans. Algae ------> Algae is a photosynthetic eukaryote and is found in freshwater, saltwater, soil, and in some plants. Algae’s cell wall is made of cellulose. Algae plays an important role in the balance of nature. Protozoa -----> Protozoa is a unicellular eukaryotic microbe. This microorganism has many forms and it can live as a free entity or a parasite. Protozoa moves by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia. Fungi -----> Fungi is a eukaryote and it can be unicellular or multicellular. Unlike plants, fungi cannot carry out photosynthesis. Helminths ----> Helminths are animal parasites and they are eukaryotes. The two major groups of helminths are flatworms and roundworms. Viruses -----> Viruses are actually really small and can only been seen with an electron microscope. Viruses are acellular (they are not cells) and they are made of DNA or RNA. From my understanding, viruses are only considered living cells once it is activated in its host. 9. What are the 2 types of cells on earth? What are the 3 domains of life on earth? - The two types of cells on earth are prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The three domains of life on earth are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya (animals, plants, protists, and fungi). 10. Write a few summary sentences for the following historical figures: Hooke: Hooke was a scientist who had started the “cell theory”. He was the first to notice cells in the specimens that he was observing. He took his findings and published “micrographia”; this was his contribution to science. Leeuwenhoek: Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist who had developed the simple scope. He called organisms “animalcules”; in other words, animals. Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to see actual living cells. Redi: Redi was an Italian physician who is known for starting the debate about spontaneous generation. He used meat jars to test spontaneous generation; one jar was covered, one jar was uncovered, and one was covered with gauze/mesh. The purpose for this was to see whether or not maggots would form in the jars. The jar that was uncovered supported spontaneous generation. Needham: Needham was an English biologist who was also took part in the debate about spontaneous generation. For his experiment, he used a nutrient broth and boiled it so that it would “kill” the life in the nutrient filled broth. After doing so, he analyzed the broth and saw spontaneous microbial growth. Spallanzani: Spallanzani was a biologist and physiologist who had repeated Needham’s experiment. He had sealed and heated the broth rather than just leaving it open. His analysis had led him to see no signs of spontaneous generation. Pasteur: Pasteur was a microbiologist who demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air. He had used S-shaped flasks in his experiments and disproved spontaneous generation. He also learned that microbes are everywhere. Semmelweis: Semmelweis was a doctor who came to a realization that germs can be transmitted by human contact. Semmelweis worked in a hospital where the deaths of mothers who are in labor were high; this led him to become curious about why this was happening. He learned that the medical students were transmitting a germ that causes puerperal fever. After having the medical students do a full clean after their anatomy classes, he saw the death rates of mothers go down. He learned that transmission of germs can be avoided by washing hands. Lister: Lister was a doctor who realized that a lot of his patients that were in post operative care had gotten infections. This led him to using a carbolic acid before or during operations to lower the risks of infections. Koch: Koch was a German doctor who was good at microscopy and was the first to see endospores. He provided experimental steps to show that a specific microbe caused a specific disease. Jenner: Jenner was a doctor who was experimenting ways to protect people from smallpox. Jenner had realized that the milkmaids were not getting smallpox since they had already gotten cowpox. This led Jenner to coming up with vaccines to help stop the spread of smallpox. Ehrlick: Ehrlick was a scholar who had made the first synthetic drug. Ehrlick learned that for every different stain there was a different type of bacteria. Fleming: Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist that discovered penicillium. Fleming was the first to ever explore antibiotics. 11. Explain the following theories: Spontaneous generation – Hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter. Spontaneous generation explores the idea that life can be formed from nonliving things; for instance, the meat from Redi’s experiment had caused maggots to form. Biogenesis – Biogenesis is the theory that living cells can only arise from pre-existing ones. An example of biogenesis would be reproduction of animals or humans. Cell – Cell theory is the theory that states “all living things are composed of cells”. This theory led scientist to learn or think that cells are the basic structures of living things. Germ – Germ theory sates that “microorganisms might cause diseases”. This theory led to the exploration of what microorganisms can cause diseases and what type of diseases they carry. 12. Explain the following terms: Vaccine: Vaccine is a treatment to prevent or cure a disease. Vaccines are shots that are given before the organism is exposed to the disease. In some cases, vaccines can be given even after the organism is already exposed. Chemotherapeutic: treat meant of diseases using chemical substances Selective toxicity: treatment will cure the disease but not kill the organism(human) 13. Be sure to start building chapter outlines (on germs and diseases) for the 3rd exam, notice that S. aureus and E. coli are already being introduced in chapter 1. 14. Describe 2 negative effects of microbes. - Can cause diseases and spoilage 15. Describe 2 benefits of microbes. - Most are beneficial - Immunity - Only 250 out of the 300,000 microbes out there cause diseases 16. Name 2 recent emerging infectious diseases. - HIV and SARS