Chapter 5 Consciousness

Chapter 5: Consciousness 1) The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which is critical to maintaining the sleep-wake cycle. Correct: The SCN communicates signals about light levels with the pineal gland. The pineal gland releases a hormone called melatonin, which peaks at nighttime and is reduced during wakefulness. Thanks to this system, light is the primary stimulus regulating our circadian rhythm and it tells us to sleep at night and stay awake for the day. Diff: 2 Type: FIB Page Reference: 182 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 2) An EEG recording showing delta waves would indicate that the subject is either in Stage 3 or 4 sleep. Correct: Slow, large amplitude delta waves characterize Stage 3 and 4 sleep. Diff: 2 Type: FIB Page Reference: 184 Skill: Conceptual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 3) Sleep researchers use the term non-REM to collectively refer to sleep stages 1–4. Correct: The REM pattern is so distinct that the first four stages are known collectively as non-REM or NREM sleep. Diff: 2 Type: FIB Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual Objective: Understand how the sleep cycle works. 4) Young children sometimes experience night terrors, which can cause them to wake from NREM sleep screaming. Correct: A person experiencing a night terror may call out or scream, fight back against imaginary attackers, or leap from the bed and start to flee before waking up. Unlike nightmares, night terrors are not dreams. These episodes occur during NREM sleep, and the majority of people who experience them typically do not recall any specific dream content. Page 1 of 3 Chapter 5: Consciousness Diff: 2 Type: FIB Page Reference: 193 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology associated with sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. 5) Opiates bind to receptors for endorphins, which are neurotransmitters that reduce pain and produce pleasurable sensations. This explains why opiates have a similar effect. Correct: Endorphins (from endogenous and morphine) are neurotransmitters that reduce pain and produce pleasurable sensations. Because opiates bind to endorphin receptors in the nervous system, they mimic and amplify many of these effects. Diff: 3 Type: FIB Page Reference: 218-219 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 6) Because barbiturates can fatally suppress breathing and heart rate at high doses, benzodiazepines are generally considered a safer alternative drug. Correct: The major advantage of benzodiazepine drugs over barbiturates is that they alone do not affect brain regions responsible for breathing, and even at high doses are unlikely to be fatal. Diff: 2 Type: FIB Page Reference: 219 Skill: Factual Objective: Know the key terminology related to different categories of drugs and their effects on the nervous system and behaviour. 7) When Jenna started using heroin, a small amount had a huge effect on her. Now she requires a much larger dose to get the same effect. This is an example of the process known as tolerance. Correct: Tolerance occurs when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect. People build up a tolerance to most drugs, including alcohol. Diff: 1 Type: FIB Page 2 of 3 Chapter 5: Consciousness Page Reference: 211 Skill: Applied Objective: Understand drug tolerance and dependence. Page 3 of 3