Evolution Exam-2

IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR EXAM – 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If frequency, of ‘A’ allele is 0.4 than, find out the frequency of ‘B’ allele and heterozygous genotype in a random mating population at equilibria a) 0.6 and 0.24 b) 0.6 and 0.96 c) 0.6 and 0.48 d) 0.6 and 0.50 Darwin differentiate …A… species of finches and grouped them into …B… main types. Choose the correct option for A and B to complete the given statement a) A-six; B-thirteen b) A-fifteen; B-six c) A-seven; B-three d) A-fourteen; B-seven When a species gets separated geographically, it evolves separately. Which of the following condition would determine whether they are now different species? I. They failed to interbreed II. They failed to give fertile offspring III. They have different coloured body IV. They appear morphologically slightly different Choose the correct combination from given options a) I and II b) II and III c) III and IV d) I and IV First cell produced on earth is a) Protobiont b) Protozoa c) Metazoa d) None of these Biochemical similarities indicates the a) Similarities in carbohydrates of organisms b) Similarities in fat (fatty acid) of organisms c) Similarities in protein and genes of organismsd) All of the above 6. Who proposed the Big-Bang theory? a) Father Saurez b) Abbe Lemaitre c) Arno Allen Penzias d) Edwin P Hubble 7. Organic evolution means a) Cumulative change of living population b) Progressive development of an organ c) Development of different races d) History of human races 8. Fossil man, who made cave paintings, is a) Java man b) Neanderthal man c) Cro –magnon man d) Peking man 9. What is meant by the term “Darwin fitness” a) The ability to survive and reproduce b) High aggressiveness c) Healthy appearance d) Physical strength 10. Primary source of allelic variation is a) Due to long periods of evolutionary changes b) Due to abrupt mutations c) Suddenly on earth d) By seed dispersal 11. All organism shares the same types of proteins and biochemical pathways. This supports the fact that a) Evolution occurs very fast b) Life began on earth a long time ago c) All organism have common ancestry d) Evolution is an ongoing process 12. ℎ ℎ ℎ is a connecting link between a) Birds and reptiles b) Reptiles and amphibians c) Birds and amphibians d) Fishes and amphibians Edubull 13. Analogous organs appears as the result of a) Divergent evolution b) Progressive evolution c) Retrogressive evolution d) Convergent evolution 14. Who proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules? a) S L Miller b) Oparin and Haldane c) Charles Darwin d) Alfred Wallace 15. Vestigial organ in human being is a) Canine b) Hindlimb c) Incisor d) Premolar 16. The scientific name of Java man is a) ℎ b) ℎ c) d) ℎ 17. Example of convergent evolution is a) Darwin finches and marsupial mouse b) Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf c) Placental wolf and Darwin finches d) Tasmanian wolf and marsupial mouse 18. Which theory arguments that life on earth came from outer space? a) Theory of panspermia b) Cosmozoic theory c) Spore theory d) All of these 19. Which of the following is the most primitive ancestor of man? a) ℎ b) ℎ ℎ c) ℎ d) 20. Presence of visceral pouches in the embryos of all vertebrates supports the theory of a) Organic evolution b) Biogenesis c) Metamorphosis d) Recapitulation 21. A population exhibiting Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium possesses 25% recessive traits. Find out the frequency of recessive alleles in the gene pool of the same population a) 0.5 b) 0.4 c) 0.3 d) None of these 22. Which of the following natural process is likely to fasten organic evolution? a) Favourable environment b) Overproduction c) Abundant genotypic variations d) Reproductive isolation 23. ℎ and (Cro-magnon man), were originated from a) Homo erectus b) Homo habilis c) Ramapithecus d) Proconsul 24. How might an evolutionary biologist why a species of salamander becomes blind after colonizing a cave? a) It is possible that in the cave there is a source of pollution that increases the mutation rate for a gene that makes salamanders blind. Over time, due to exposure to this chemical, the members of the population lose their sight b) Members of the ancestral population that colonized the cave differed in their ability to see. If maintaining the ability to see in the cave was a waste of energy, blind salamanders might actually have more offspring than those who could see c) There is no to explain this in terms of natural selection d) The members of this salamander species no longer needed to use their eyes. Over time, due to the lack of use, they lost the ability to see 25. Which one amoung the following is an example for homology? a) Eye of and mammals b) Tuber of sweet potato and potato c) Wings of butterfly and birds and d) Thorn and tendrils of 26. Coacervates belong to category of a) Cyanobacteria b) Protozoans c) Molecular aggregates d) Molecular aggregate surrounded by lipid membrane 27. Which of the following sequences was proposed by Darwin and Wallace for organic evolution? a) Over-production, constancy of population size, variations, natural selection b) Variations, natural selection, over-production, constancy of population size c) Over -production, variations, constancy of population size, natural selection d) Variations, constancy of population size, over-production, natural selection 28. Fossils are useful in a) Studying extinct organisms b) Studying history of organism c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the above 29. Biological concept of species is mainly based on a) Reproductive isolation b) Morphological features only c) Methods of reproduction only d) Morphology and methods of reproduction 30. Which of the following statements stands in favour of abiogenesis? I. Spontaneous generation II. Origin of viruses and microbes III. Origin of life from living organism IV. Origin of life from non-living organism The correct combination is a) I and II b) II and III c) III and IV d) I and IV 31. The brain capacity of was about a) 650 cc b) 900 cc c) 1200 cc d) 1400 cc 32. Single step large mutation leading to speciation is also called a) Founder’s effect b) Saltation c) Branching descent d) Natural selection 33. According to Oparin, which one of the following was not present in the primitive atmosphere of the earth? a) Methane b) Oxygen c) Hydrogen d) Water vapour 34. What is the use of Electronic Spin Resonance (ESR) in fossil studies? a) It helps to study the proteins in sedimentary fossils b) It helps to revise the evolutionary period for different groups of organisms c) It helps to study the enzymes present in sedimentary fossils d) All of the above 35. In the given picture of human evolution, identify the missing stages, . . , and 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. a) A-Homo erectus; C-Cro-magnon man b) A-Homo erectus; C-Australopithecus c) A-Cro-magnon man; C-Australopithecus d) A-Cro-magnon man; C-Homo erectus Wings of birds and wings of flies perform similar functions so they are examples of a) Homologous organ b) Analogous organ c) Evolutionary organ d) Paralogous organ Vestigial organs present in an adult individual are examples of …………. Basis of evidence of evolution. a) morphological b) Palaeontological c) Embryological d) Anatomical Evolution that shift the allele frequency in a study consistent direction is called? a) Directional evolution b) Disruptive evolution c) Molecular evolution d) All of these Bird with average sized wings survived in the severe strom but the short winged birds died. It shows a) Stabilizing selection b) Gene flow c) Diversifying selection d) Founder effect Cosmozoic theory was proposed by a) Helmhontz b) Richter c) Pasteur d) Arrhenius Major radiations of mammals, birds and pollinating insects took place in which epoch? a) Oligocene b) Ecocene c) Pliocene d) Palaeocene In the early earth, organic acids were produced by the combination of H with a) Ammonia and methane b) Hydrogen c) Organic matter d) Sulphates and nitrates Change of frequency of alleles in a population results in evolution. This statement is proposed in a) Darwin’s theory b) Lamarck’s theory c) Hardy –Weinberg principle d) de Vries theory The first enzyme on the primitive earth was/were a) Proteins b) DNA c) RNA d) Amino acids Ancestor of man, who first stood erect, was a) ℎ b) Cromagnon c) Java –ape man d) Peking man Theory of special creation arguments that I. all living organisms were created as such 47. 48. 49. 50. II. the diversity was always the same since creation III. earth is 4000 years old Choose the right option to complete the given statement a) I and II b) II and III c) I and III d) I, II and III ‘Use and disuse’ theory was proposed by a) Lamarck b) Darwin c) Hugo de Vries d) Malthus What kind of variation contributes to the height of animals? a) Somatogenic variations b) Discontinuous variations c) Continuous variations d) Blastogenic variations The most recent and direct prehistoric ancestor is a) Cro –magnon b) Pre –Neanderthal c) Neanderthal d) None of these Evolution for Darwin was gradual, while de Vries believed that mutations, caused speciation. The belief of de Vries supports the concept of a) Saltation b) Evolution c) Genetic equilibrium d) Variance IMPORTANT PRACTICE QUESTION SERIES FOR EXAM – 2 (ANSWERS) 1) 5) 9) 13) 17) c c a d b 2) 6) 10) 14) 18) b b a b d 3) 7) 11) 15) 19) a a c a d 4) 8) 12) 16) 20) a c b c a 21) 25) 29) 33) 37) 41) 45) 49) a d a b b d a a 22) 26) 30) 34) 38) 42) 46) 50) a d d a a a d a 23) 27) 31) 35) 39) 43) 47) a c b a a c a 24) 28) 32) 36) 40) 44) 48) b c b b b c a 1 2 3 4 5 (c) HW Principle = p + q =1 +2 + =1 Here, p = A and q is = B Allele frequency of B = 1-0.4 = 0.6 Allele frequency of heterozygous is = 2 × 0.6 × 0.4 = 0.48 (b) Darwin’s finches (also known as the Galapagos finches) were a group of about fifteen species of passerine birds. They are often are classified as the sub-family-Geospizinae. It is still not clear which bird family they belong to, but they are not related to the true finches. They were first collected by Charles Darwin on the Galapagos islands during second voyage of the Beagle (a) Interbreeding members of a same population are called species. If the members of same population can’t interbreed, than they are considered as different species (a) Protobionts are aggregated forms of different types of molecules, formed abiotically in the primitive sea. These are considered first cells produced on the earth because they have an internal environment that differs from their surroundings and also exhibit some signs of life, such as metabolism and excitability. (c) Biochemical Similarities between Groups The different types of biochemical reactions occur in every living organism. These reactions are same in all the living organisms. Some of the chemicals and their reactionsare (i) Enzymes The amylase in all the living organisms digests the carbohydrates. The trypsin in all the living organisms digests the proteins. 6 7 8 9 10 (ii) Hormones In frog, the metamorphosing hormone is thyroxin. If human thyroxin is injected into thyroid free tadpole larva, if undergoes metamorphosis. This indicates that the function of thyroxin is same in all animals. (iii) Haemoglobin It carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in all animals. Haemoglobin carries oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin. In all birds the oxyhaemoglobin is identical. This indicates that the birds have close relationship among themselves (b) Origin of Universe There are several theories regarding the origin of universe but most accepted is Big-Bang theory. Big-Bang Theory This theory was proposed by Abbe Lemaitre in 1931. According to the BigBang theory about 15 billion years ago, cosmic matter was in a condensed form. Explosion took place which broke the condensed matter and scattered its fragments into space at an enormous velocity making a Big-Bang sound and thus the theory came to be known as the Big-Bang theory (a) Organic Evolution Organic evolution is a process of cumulative change of the living populations and in the descendant populations of organisms. In other words, it is descent with modification (c) Cro –magnon was omnivorous, wore skin clothes and made paintings on the cave walls. (a) Darwin proposed the theory of Natural Selection. The organisms with favourable variations would survive because they are fittest to face their surroundings while unfits are destroyed originally, it was an idea of Herbert Spencer who used the term survival of the fittest while Darwin named it as Natural Selection. (a) Diversification in plants life appeared due to long periods of evolutionary changes. The evolutionary changes sequence is Bryophyte (thalloid, no vascular tissue)→ Pteridophytes (differentiation in vascular tissue begins) →Gymnosperms (no fruit formation) →Angiosperms (fruit present). 11 12 13 (c) All organisms have common ancestry. Biochemical Evidences The similarities is proteins and genes performing a common given function among the diverse organisms gives the clue to common ancestry. Several metabolic processes possesses the same enzyme in different organisms. . ., Krebs’ cycle, glycolysis, nucleotide synthesis, etc. (b) Ornithorhynchus anatinus. Duck-billed platypus is one of the three species of monotremes. These species are unique among mammals in that they retain their ancestral characteristic of egg laying. They have a cloaca through which eggs are laid and both liquid and solid waste is eliminated. Duck-billed platypus is stream-lined and elongated, they have fur ranging from medium brown to dark brown on the dorsal side and brown to silver-gray on the ventral side (d) Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in an unrelated lineages. Edubul 14 15 The wings are the classic example of convergent evolution in action. Flying insects, birds and bats have all evolved the capacity of flight independently. They have ‘convergent’ on this useful trait. The ancestors of both bats and birds were terrestrial quadrupeds, and each of them had independently evolved powered flight via adaptations are superficially ‘wing-shaped’, they are substantially dissimilar in construction. The bat wing is a membrane stretched across four extremely elongated fingers, while the airfoil of the bird wing is made of feathers, which are strongly attached to the forearm the ulna and the highly fused bones of the wrist and hand the carpometacarpus, with only tiny remnants of two fingers remaining, each anchoring a single feather. Both bats and birds have retained the thumb for specialized functions. So, while the wings of bats and birds are functionally convergent, they are not anatomically convergent (b) Oparin of Russia and Haldane of England proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules (e.g., RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceeded by chemical evolution. (a) Vestigial organs are non-functional or imperfectly developed organs that were functional in ancestral species and may still be functional in related species, e.g., vermiform appendix, nictitating membrane, etc. In man, wisdom tooth (3rd molar) and canines (tearing) are also the vestigial sturctures. 16 17 18 19 20 (c) Java man named and ℎ ℎ (ape man that can walk erect) by Eugene Dubois by Mayer (1950). (b) In convergent evolution two or more different group of organisms develops similar characters due to the same environmental forces Tasmanian wolf and placental wolf are the examples of convergent evolution (d) Theory of panspermia (cosmozoic) was proposed by, Richter (1865). According to this theory, ‘protoplasm’ reached the earth in the form of spores of germs or other simple particles from some unknown parts of the universe with the cosmic dust, and subsequently evolved into various forms of life (d) ℎ is known only by few teeth and some fragments of jaw. It is considered to be the earliest man-like primate and oldest of man’s ancestors. Its fossils have been discovered from the Shivalik hills in India and date back to 14-15 million years ago in Miocene. (a) The theory of recapitulation is often known as ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. It was an idea of Etienne Serres in 1824-26. In 1886 Ernst Haeckel proposed that the embryonic development of an individual organism (its ontogeny) followed the same path as the evolutionary history of its species (its phylogeny). It is also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism. It was a theory (idea) that tied evolution (the change organisms over time) with embryology (the way organisms develop before they are born). The theory basically stated that before they were born, organisms passed through the developmental stages that look like adult animals of other species, in roughly the same order that these other species split off during evolution 21 22 (a) Presence of recessive traits = 25% ( ) = 25% = 0.5 ( ) Total allelic frequency + = 1 + 0.5 = 1 Allelic frequency = 0.5 (a) As per modern synthetic theory of evolution, there are five basic factors involved in the process of organic evolution: 1.Gene mutation 2.Changes in chromosome structure and number 3.Genetic recombinations 4.Natural selection 5.Reproductive isolation The first three factors are responsible for providing genetic variability and the last two are responsible for giving direction to the evolutionary processes. 23 24 25 (a) Homo erectus (erect man) appeared about 1.7 million years ago in middle Pleiostocene. Homo erectus was evolved from Homo habilis. He was about 1.5-1.8 metres tall. He was the progenater of two main sub-species Neanderthal and Cro-magnon man (b) Nature select an organism which have an advantage to the particular given environment. Members of the ancestral salamander population that colonized the cave differed in their abilities. In caves, the eyes are of no use. So in that condition blind salamander were selected over the salamanders having eyes (d) Homology indicates common ancestry. It is based on divergent evolution, In plants, the thorns and tendrils of and , respectivelyrepresent homology. 26 (d) It is suggested that the large organic molecules formed abiotically in the primitive earth came together spontaneously and due to intermolecular attractions formed large colloidal aggregates called coacervates. An envelose of water molecules formed around each such aggregate due to hydrophilic nature of some of these compounds. 27 (c) Though living organisms tend to multiply geometrically, the number of individuals of a species tend to remain constant over along period of time. Out of heterogenous population, (due to variation) best adapted individuals are selected by nature. 28 (c) Both (a) and (b). Palaeontological evidences (Evidences from fossil records) Study of fossils is called Palaeontology Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519) an italian painter and invertor is called the Father of Palaeontology Fossils are the remains of hard parts of life-forms found in rocks. Rocks forms sediments and a cross-section of earth’s crust indicates the arrangement of sediments one over the other during the long history of earth A variety of fossils ranging from the modern organisms to extint organisms can be observed and depicted by evolution By studing the different sedimentary layers, the geological time period in which the 29 30 31 organisms existed can be predicted (a) A species can be defined as ‘a group of closely related organisms’, which are capable of inbreeding to produce fertile offsprings. Thus, biological concepts of species is mainly based on reproductive isolation, which preserve the integrity of the species by checking hybridization. (d) Spontaneous generation and origin of life from non-living organism are the most common alternative ways to describe the process of abiogenesis (b) had a large brain having cranial capacity 900cc. 32 (b) Saltation is the occurrence of a major mutation in a single generation, bringing about singnificant change. 33 (b) According to Oparin, the atmosphere of primitive earth was reducing because H atoms were most numerous and most reactive. Large quantities of H , N , H O, CO , CH and NH were present but free oxygen was not present in significant amount. 34 (a) Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating Many materials found in archeological sites are able to trap electronic charges as a result of bombardment by radioactive radiation from the surrounding sediment. The presence of these trapped charges can be detected by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The intensity of the ESR signal is a measure of the accumulated dose and thus of the age. Tooth enamel is ubiquitous at archeological sites and is well suited for ESR dating, with a precision of about 10-20%. This method has now been used to date many sites critical to the biological and cultural evolution on modern man (a) A-Homo erectus; B-Cro-magnon man (b) Organs which perform similar functions but having different origin and structure are called analogous organs. Wings of birds and wings of insects are analogous organs. Such organs are not antomically similar through they perform similar functions. Hence, analogous structures are result of convergent evolution. Other examples of analogy are the eye of the and mammals, the flippers of penguins and dolphins, sweet potato and potato, etc. 35 36 37 (b) Vestigial organs present in an adult individual are examples of palaeontologicalbasis of evidence of evolution. 38 (a) Directional. Selection process in natural selection are 39 (i) Stabilizing Selection (Balancing selections) This type of selection favours average sized individuals, while eliminates small sized individuals. It reduces variation and hence, do not promote evolutionary changes. It maintains the mean value from generation to generation. If we draw a graphical curve of population, it is bell-shaped (ii) Directional Selection (Progressive Selection) In this selection, the population changes towards one particular direction. It means this type of selection favours small or large-sized individuals and more individuals of that type will be present in new generation. The mean size of the population changes (iii) Disruptive Selection (Diversifying selection) This type of selection favours both smallsized and large-sized individuals. It eliminates most of the members with mean expression, so as to produce two peaks in the distribution of the trait that may lead to the development of two different populations. This kind of selection is opposite of stabilizing selection and is rare nature but is very important in bringing about evolutionary changes (a) Stabilizing selection. Selection process in natural selection are (i) Stabilizing Selection (Balancing selections) This type of selection favours average sized individuals, while eliminates small sized individuals. It reduces variation and hence, do not promote evolutionary changes. It maintains the mean value from generation to generation. If we draw a graphical curve of population, it is bell-shaped (ii) Directional Selection (Progressive Selection) In this selection, the population changes towards one particular direction. It means this type of selection favours small or large-sized individuals and more individuals of that type will be present in new generation. The mean size of the population changes 40 (iii) Disruptive Selection (Diversifying selection) This type of selection favours both smallsized and large-sized individuals. It eliminates most of the members with mean expression, so as to produce two peaks in the distribution of the trait that may lead to the development of two different populations. This kind of selection is opposite of stabilizing selection and is rare nature but is very important in bringing about evolutionary changes (b) Cosmozoic theory or hypothesis of Pansspermia was developed by Richter (1865) and then supported by Thomson, Helmhontz, Van Tieghem and others. According to this hypothesis, life comes from other space in the form of spores of simple organisms. 41 (d) Major radiations of mammals, birds and pollinating insects took place in Palaeocene epoch. 42 (a) Stanley Miller and Harold Urey built an apparatus of glass tube and flasks in laboratory. He created early earth atmosphere containing hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water vapours and produced simple organic acids such as urea, hydrogen cyanide, sugars, purines, pyrimidines and amino acids. 43 (c) Hardy –Weinberg principle illustrates that change of frequency of alleles in a population results in evolution. 44 (c) RNAs most probably could have catalyzed the formation of lipid like molecules that could have in turn formed plasma membrane and proteins. The proteins might have taken over most enzymatic heredity molecule then, DNA evolved from RNA template. Once cells were evolved, DNA probably replaced RNA in most organisms (a) ℎ are considered as connecting link between ape and man. They were the ancestors of man, who first stood erect. Their cranial capacity was 300-500 cc. 45 46 (d) All of above. mportant theories to explain the origin of life on earth are (i) Theory of Special Creation The greatest supporter of this theory was father Suarez. According to this theory life was created by supernatural powers. According to Bible the world was created in six days. The earth is 4000 yrs old. All the diversity was existed since creation (ii) Theory of Panspermia This theory is also called the cosmozoic theory. Early Greek thinkers thought units of life called spores were transferred to the different plants including earth from the other planets (iii) Theory of Spontaneous Generation This theory also is called a biogenesis or autogenesis. This theory states that the life originated from non-living by itself or spontaneous manner Dismissial of Spontaneous Generation Theory Louis Pasteur by carefully experimentation demonstrated that, life comes only from pre-existing life. He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks life did not come from killed yeast, while in another flask open to air, new living organisms arose from ‘killed yeast’. Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed once and for all. However, this did not answer how the first life came on the earth. (iv) Theory of Chemical Evolution This theory is also called modern theory of evolution or neuralistic theory of evolution 47 48 49 50 Oparin and Haldane proposed that the first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules ( . ., RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution, i.e., formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents (a) Lamarck’s theory of evolution was published in ℎ ℎ in the year 1809. It is popularly known as ‘the inheritance of acquried characters in organisms’. According to this, if an organ is used continuously and constantly, it will tend to become highly developed, whereas disuse results in its degeneration. (a) Continuous Variations Continuous variations are minute variations, which occurs in graded series. They fluctuate an either side of the average condition and differ only slightly from one another (a) Cro –magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis)is the most recent and direct prehistoric ancestor of present man. It arose about 3,40,000 years ago. (a) Hugo de Vries believed that mutation causes evolution and not the minor heritable variations, which was mentioned by Darwin Mutation are random and directionless, while Darwin’s variations are small and directional Term ‘saltation’ is also called single step large mutation, which leads to new specks