Biology Review Packet

Name: __________________________ BIOLOGY REVIEW PACKET Scientific Method 1. Define the following: a. Independent Variable: the variable that I change in the experiment b. Dependent Variable: the variable that I am measuring (it depends on the independent variable) c. Control Variable: variable that stay the same d. Controlled experiment: an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time e. Hypothesis: an educated guess (If…, then…) 2. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data table is shown below. Create a line graph depicting the results. Breathing Rate (breaths/minute) Temperature (°C) 19 5 25 10 30 20 34 30 38 35 a. What is the independent variable? Explain why. Temperature, it is the variable that is being changed b. The dependent variable? Explain why. Breathing rate, it is the variable that is being measured and it depends on the temperature c. What happens to breathing rate with increase in temperature? Breathing rate increases d. Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment. Same tank, same fish, same pH of water, same time of day e. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more? Why would it be a bad idea to do this? The breathing rate would increase even more, but if the temperature gets too hot the fish could die. 1 3. An experiment was performed to determine how much fertilizer was needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine. The results are shown below. Pumpkin A Pumpkin B Type of pumpkin seed Jack-o-Lantern Amount of water given daily (mL) 29.5 29.5 full sunlight full sunlight Amount of sunlight Temperature (oC) Amount of fertilizer given (g) Jack-o-Lantern 23.9 Pumpkin C Jack-o-Lantern 29.5 full sunlight 23.9 23.9 0 200 300 Type of soil organic Organic Organic Day the seeds were planted 7/8/2007 7/8/2007 7/8/2007 6 2 Number of pumpkins that the vine produced. 3 a. What is the problem? How much fertilizer is needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine. b. What is the independent variable? Amount of fertilizer c. What is the dependant variable? Number of pumpkins that the vine produced d. Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment. Amount of water, amount of sunlight, temperature, type of soil, day the seeds were planted e. How much fertilizer would you use to grow the most pumpkins? 200g of fertilizer 4. A test was conducted to determine the highest possible soda geyser when placing Mentos into the soda. The following data was collected: 2 Blurred content of page 3 No, the height for 6g of Menots is the same as 9g of Menots Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Life 5. Fill in chart below: Organic Molecule: Contains which of the following: C, H, O, N, P Carbohydrates C, H, O Made up of: Function • Sugars & starches • • • Lipids C, H Fatty acid & glycerol • • Proteins C, H, O, N • • • Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Nucleotides • Examples Main source of energy for living things Structural support for plants Glucose Fructose Glycogen Store energy for living things Compose bi-layer in all cell membranes Leaves translucent spots on paper Steroids = chemical messengers Fats Oils Waxes Regulate cell processes. Form bones & muscle. Transport substances in & out of cells. Fight off disease. (Immune System) Enzymes Stores genetic material 6. What is the function of an enzyme? Acts as a biological catalyst, speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction 7. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes? Most enzymes work best at body temperature, higher temps will cause the enzyme to no longer work properly 8. Why is water important to living things? Make up a lot of living things, universal solvent (dissolves many things) DNA RNA 9. Water is POLAR (which mean it is + on one end and – on the other). 10. Define Surface Tension: Attraction between water molecules which allows insects and other objects to float a top the water 11. Acids have pH BELOW 7 12. Bases have pH ABOVE 7 13. Neutral solutions have pH of 7 Chapter 7 – Cell Structure & Function (including Diffusion and Osmosis) 14. Define the following: a. Lipid bilayer – double layer of lipids that make up a cell membrane b. Protein Channels – help move bigger molecules through the cell membrane c. Carbohydrates – check ID of substances entering the cell 15. List the function of the following organelles: Organelle Nucleus Ribosomes Cell membrane Cell wall Function Controls the functions of the cell Make proteins Regulate what enters and leaves the cell Provides protection and support for plant cells Mitochondria Creates energy for the cell by breaking down sugar Vacuoles Stores water, sugar, and other molecules for the cell Lysosome Cleans up waste in the cell Blurred content of page 6 21. Define semi-permeable membrane: Membrane that allows some things to pass while others cannot 22. In osmosis, water moves from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration. 23. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration. 24. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left. a. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? Too large to pass through the membrane b. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? Right c. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? Left d. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? To the left, moves from high to low concentration 25. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations: a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%. b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. 26. Complete the table. Passive Transport Requires energy? Active Transport NO Low to high or High to low? Examples YES High to Low Low to high Diffusion & osmosis Exocytosis & endocytosis Chapter 10 – The Cell Cycle & Mitosis 27. When does the duplication of DNA occur? S phase during Interphase 28. What is a cell doing during the GI and G2 periods? G1: cell growth; G2: cell prepares to divide 29. What happens during cytokinesis? The cytoplasm divides 30. If the cell cycle is controlled by enzymes, what might result if the genes that control the production of these enzymes are damaged? The cell could not control its growth rate and would continue to divide – leads to cancer 31. Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. Anaphase Prophase Interphase Telophase 32. Describe in words what happens at each stage of meiosis. a. Interphase: DNA replication b. Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad c. Metaphase I: tetrad line up in the middle d. Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes pull apart e. Telophase I: two new cells form f. Prophase II: Cell prepares to divide again Metaphase Blurred content of page 9 38. If the strand of DNA to the left undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? U–C–G–G–U–C 39. What is a codon? Group of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid 40. Describe the process of translation and where it happens. Make protein from RNA; in the cytoplasm at the ribosome 41. After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? Ser – Val 42. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? Peptide bond 43. Complete the following table comparing DNA and RNA. DNA Sugars Deoxyribose Bases A, T, C, G Number of Strands 2 strands Where in the Cell Nucleus Function Stores genetic info RNA Ribose A, U, C, G 1 stand Cytoplasm Transports genetic info 44. Describe the process of DNA replication. DNA is copied; DNA unzips, one strand serves as the template and creates 2 new DNA molecules 45. What is the end result of DNA replication? Two new molecules – made up of one original strand and one new strand 46. What is a mutation? Change in genetic sequence 47. What the three types of RNA and what are their functions? mRNA – carries message from DNA rRNA – makes up the ribosome tRNA – transfers amino acids to the ribosome Chapter 11 – Intro to Genetics 48. Define: a. dominant – written as a capital letter, this trait will show b. recessive – written as a lower case letter; only will show if two recessive alleles are present c. homozygous – SAME alleles; TT or tt d. heterozygous – DIFFERENT alleles; Tt e. genotype – letter combination that show the genes; TT, Tt, tt f. phenotype – physical description; tall or short 49. Sample Monohybrid Cross Question: a. In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results? Tt x Tt 75% Tall 25% short TT Tt Tt tt b. If one homozygous short plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant, what percentage of the offspring will be short? tt x Tt 50% short 50% Tall Tt tt Tt tt c. What are the genotypes of the parents that would produce 50% short and 50% tall pea plants? Tt x tt Blurred content of page 12 54. In a pedigree, an open circle indicates: FEMALES and a solid square indicates: MALES 55. Answer the following: I II III 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 a. What is the genotype of individual I-1? bb b. What is the genotype of II-4? Bb c. If someone with the genotype similar to II-7 had children with someone with the same genotype as III-3, what are the chances that their childen will be affected? bb x bb 100% chance of being affected Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology 56. List 8 characteristics of living things: a. Made up of cells b. reproduce c. grows & develops d. obtain & use energy e. evolves f. contains genetic material g. maintain stable internal environment h. responds to the environment 57. What is homeostasis? The ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite conditions in the external environment Chapter 8 & 9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 58. What is the formula for photosynthesis? CO2 + H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen 59. What are the reactants and products? Reactants: carbon dioxide, water Products: glucose, oxygen 60. Write the formula for cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + energy + water 61. What are the reactants and what are the products of cellular respiration? Reactants: glucose, oxygen, water Products: energy, carbon dioxide, water 62. Cellular Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? 63. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)? 64. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Light intensity, Color of light, amount of water, temperature, amount of carbon dioxide Chapter 15 - Evolution 65. Define natural selection. Blurred content of page 15 73. Which would be the most primitive organism? Ray-finned fish 74. Circle 2 organisms that would have the most similar DNA. 75. Why did you choose those 2 organisms (question 74)? They are the closest on the cladogram, so they are the most similar 76. Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain. Nonliving, they contain DNA, but cannot reproduce. They most use a host to reproduce. 77. Compare and Contrast Viruses and bacteria in regard to their structure. Bacteria: ALIVE, prokaryotes, unicellular Viruses: NOT LIVING, DNA enclosed in a capsid, much smaller than a bacteria Chapter 3 & 4 – Ecosystems 78. What are some adaptations that allow animals to survive on land? (as compared to water) Feet, lungs, protective skin – prevent water loss, fur 79. What are some adaptations that allow plants to survive on land? (as compared to water) Roots, cuticle to prevent water loss, stems 80. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic – living factors (food, predators, competitors) Abiotic – non living factors (sunlight, temperature, water, pH) 81. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis). a. mutualism – both benefit (bee and a flower) b. commensalism – one benefits, the other is unaffected (birds nest in a tree) c. parasitism – one benefits, the other is harmed (tick and a dog) d. predator/prey – predator hunts prey e. competition – two organisms fighting for similar resources 82. What is carrying capacity? The maximum amount of individuals in a population that the surrounding environment can sustain 83. How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems? Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food, other organisms then rely on plants for their food, other animals rely on those herbivores 84. What role do decomposers play in the environment? They break down matter so it can be recycled back into the environment 85. What is a trophic level? Each level in a food chain or food web (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers) 86. What is a food chain? A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten 87. What is a food web? Links all food chains together in an ecosystem Blurred content of page 18 Birds – 100 kilocalories Insects – 1,000 kilocalories Leaves – 10,000 kilocalories 97. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web? Matter is recycled – carbon cycle, water cycle,