Biology 1: The Ce Parts of Cell Cytoskeleton Nucleoid Region: DNA region in prokaryotes. Microfilaments: Actin Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes. Sits in nucleus, no membrane. Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material. Microtubules: Intermediate Filaments: Tubulin Keratin = Vimentin; Desmin = Lamin Rough ER: Accept mRNA to make proteins. Smooth ER: Detox & make lipids. Golgi Apparatus: Modify / distribute proteins. Only in eukaryotes. Vesicular Transport COPII forward COPI ¬ return Cisternal Maturation Vesicles travel in retrograde New Cis made Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit Peroxisomes: Collect and break down material. Centrioles: 9 groups of microtubules, pull chromosomes apart. Lysosomes: Demo & Recycling center. Made by Golgi. Single membrane. Plasmids: In prokaryotes. Carry DNA not necessary for survival. Tissues Epithelia: Parenchyma (functional parts of organ). Simple: One layer. Stratified: Multiple layers. Pseudostratified: One layer (looks mult, but really just 1). Cuboidal: Cube shape. Columnar: Long and narrow. Squamous: Flat, scale-like. Connective: Stroma (support, extracellular matrix). Bone, cartilage, tendon, blood. Genetic Recombination Bacteria Obligate Aerobe: Requires O2. Bacilli Rod Cocci Sphere Spirilla Spiral Obligate Anaerobe: Dies in O2. Facultative Anaerobe: Toggle between Aerobic / Anaerobic. Aerotolerant Anaerobe: Does not use O2 but tolerates it. Transformation: Gets genetic info from environment. Conjugation: Transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge. F+ F- or Hfr recipient Transduction: Transfer using bacteriophage. Transposons: Genetic info that can insert/remove themselves. Gram + is PURPLE, THICK peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall. Gram – is PINK-RED, THIN peptidoglycan cell wall & an outer membrane. Bacteriophage Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote ETC in mitochondria ETC in cell membrane Large ribosomes Small ribosomes Reproduce via mitosis Reproduce via binary fission Plasmids carry DNA material. May have virulence factors. Plasmids that integrate into genome are Episomes Miscellaneous Prions: Infectious proteins. Trigger misfolding. a-helical b-pleated sheets. ¯Solubility. Viroid: Plant pathogens. Viruses Head with DNA or RNA Collar Sheath Capsid: Protein Coat. Envelope: Some have lipid envelope. Base Plate Tail Fibers Virion: Individual virus particles. Bacteriophage: Bacteria virus. Tail sheath injects DNA / RNA. Viral Genome: May be DNA or RNA. Single or double stranded. If Single Strand: Positive Sense: Can be translated by host cell. Negative Sense: RNA replicase must synthesize a complimentary strand, which can then be translated. Retrovirus: Single stranded RNA. Reverse transcriptase needed to make DNA. Bacteriophage Lytic: Virions made until cell lyses. Life Cycles: Lysogenic: Virus integrates into genome as provirus or prophage. Goes dormant until stress activates it.