Study Guide Quiz 4

STUDY GUIDE: QUIZ 4 7 7.3 173 174 Def. 174 Def. 174 174 175 176 176 178 179181 IOW Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes Information and Its Expression in the Cell Information and Its Expression in the Cell The Expression of Biological Information A Context for Understanding Gene Expression Understanding Gene Expression When the organism expresses a set of genes, the result phenotype is the characteristics of that organism. These characteristics are called its ____________. The term “transcription” means the process of reading DNA a base sequence in ____________ to generate a RNA complementary base sequence in ____________. Why is the word “translation” used for protein It is the process of “reading” the RNA and “translating” or production? generating an encoded sequence for the protein production. Translate RNA to protein. Information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA, Life which is then transported to ribosomes. This phrase Information describes the role of ____________ in ____________ expression. Selectivity- what info to transcribe Describe 2 major problems that transcription solves for the cell. Limitation of space- for processing information ****cell division is carefully controlled Transcription: Using Some Genes Now and Some Transcription Not at All In the process of transcription, the base sequence in DNA the molecule ____________ is read by the molecule Polymerase (RNA) ____________, an enzyme that makes RNA molecules. Which RNA product helps the ribosome to recognize rRNA- ribosomal RNAs how and where to begin working? Following the transcription event, list 4 separate parts 1-capping the transcript (quinine ribonucleotide cap) of the overall processing of pre-mRNA in the cell’s 2-adding poly-adenine tail (poly(A) tail) at end of message nucleus. 3-removing all introns (splicing enzyme) Page 1 of 7 4-splicing together exons from pre-mRNA message 181 182 F 182 183 186 183 Def 187IOW 185 184 Figure 7.28, pg 187 In the cell nucleus, a pre-mRNA has its introns removed by ____________ enzymes. Splicing (see definition) Translation: Making Proteins Translation In the translation process, tRNA molecules are also *transfer amino acids to ribosome for incorporation into growing called “adapter” molecules. Why? What is their peptide chain. (see table 7.1, p 179) function? Work of a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA to the P 183 form of a sequence of amino acids in a protein. Amino acids bond to adaptor molecule to make high **changes languages from bases to amino acids energy bond for expressive amino acid polymerization. There are more than four kinds of amino acids in Codon (short sequence of bases) proteins. Each kind of amino acid must be coded for in mRNA. Thus, a short sequence of mRNA bases called a(n) ____________ is used to code for each amino acid in the translation process. ***tRNA (translator molecule)- 2nd column What is a general name for a three-dimensional, folded molecule shaped like an “L,” with an anticodon Anticodon (sequence of 3 adjacent nucleotide bases in tRNA) at one end and an amino acid attachment site at the other end? Transferring correct amino acids to the ribosome tRNA during elongation is a good description of the role of ____________ in the cell cytoplasm. Process driven by GTP (instead of ATP)- phosphate bond energy What is the role of tRNA synthetase in the cell’s Each synthetase recognizes just one kind of amino acid and only cytoplasm? Enzyme to bind tRNA w/ amino acid the tRNAs specific use for that amino acid. Peptide bonds are formed during the ____________ stage of translation. The role of the ribosome or its subunits: creating a channel for ____________ to enter and exit. elongation mRNA (2nd column, last sentence) Page 2 of 7 The role of the ribosome or its subunits: helping tRNA ____________-codons to bind to mRNA ____________. The role of the ribosome or its subunits: comparing ____________ anti-codons against corresponding ____________ codons. The role of the ribosome or its subunits: binding ____________ ____________ together to form a polypeptide chain. This sequence best represents the overall flow of ____________ in a cell: transcription, pre-mRNA processing, translation, protein processing, export List all of the organelles involved in the flow of information from archival DNA to its expression as a resulting glycoprotein. Anti, codons (#4) 176 In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must unwind and open double-stranded ____________. DNA helix 178 In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must sense correct ____________ and incorporate them into the new RNA strand. In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must dislodge the ____________ strand from its temporary pairing with DNA. In order to elongate mRNA, RNA polymerase must ____________ the RNA strand to remove and replace copying errors. The Genetic Code The ____________ is often represented as a chart in which a specific sequence of bases in mRNA (a codon) is used to represent each amino acid building block found in the world of proteins. ribonucleotides 183 184 7.15 7.26 7.28 178 178 182 F 7.22 tRNA mRNA Amino acids (2nd column- large subunit) information Nucleus, ribosomes, cytophlasm, ribosome subunits. Protein released to cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi RNA proofread The Genetic Code Page 3 of 7 Most of the amino acids are specified by more than one codon (see def) 188 The genetic code is said to be degenerate. What does this mean? 8 Informational Continuity in Cells 8.1 A Thin Skin of Life Chasing Death Life Chasing Death What are the 3 essential resources that a daughter cell Good supply of monimers must get from a parent cell or from nature in order to Persistent source of energy succeed in living life? Continuous source of information to direct growth Life perpetuates itself at the ____________ level by cellular acquiring monomers and energy sources at the microscopic level and by carrying out absorption, processing and growing “for” the organism. Cell Division: A Requirement for Life Cell Division When DNA is replicated, the two strands are first Bases (hydrogen bonds between bases) separated through breakage of ____________; each template strand then becomes a ____________ against which two new strands are made. Cell Division Is Part of a Cycle: The Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle List the 4 symbols/names for the 4 stages of the cell G1 [G0] \ cycle. Synthesis (S)phase -> interphase G2 / Mitosis (M) phase The “S” phase of the cell cycle represents the activity Synthesis (it is where all the cell’s chromosome is replicated) of DNA ____________. 214 214 8.2 217 C2 S1 8.3 220 221 221 222 F8.8 Moving ahead with cell division is controlled by the interaction of hormones with cell surface ____________ proteins, interaction of receptor proteins with ____________ intermediates, interaction of cyclins with ____________ proteins, and interaction of kinase proteins with inactive ____________ proteins. Informational Continuity in Cells Receptor proteins Regulatory intermediates Kinase proteins Kinase proteins Page 4 of 7 8.4 225 F8.7 225 C1 bottom 226 F8.10 127 8.6 233 233 233 234 9 Mitosis List in order the stages of mitosis. The nuclear membrane of the cell disintegrates during which mitotic period of the cell cycle? Mitosis Prophase- microtubular connections Metaphase- midline alignment of chromosomes Anaphase- pull apart chromosomes to poles Telophase- back to chromotin fibers Prophase- muclear membrane disintegrates and microtubules extend between chromosomes (makes mitotic spindle) The mitotic stage of metaphase is most clearly defined Microtubules (kinetochore binds to chromosomes at middle and by what organelle activity with what result? provide anchor for kinetochore microtubules) The de-condensation of visible chromosomes back telophase into chromatin fibers is a defining feature of which phase of the cell cycle? Cancer: Mutation Threatening Design The Unifying Basis of Cancer Basis of Cancer Mutation (not longer respect role in confinement w/i tissue) List the 2 principle characteristics of the disease cancer. Expression (uncontrolled cell division) A ____________ is a mutated form of a gene that normally directs the activation of regulatory pathways moving a cell toward division. What would you call genes that normally direct the inhibition of cell division regulatory pathways? A Tale of Two Cancer Genes In healthy cells, what is the normal function of the activated ras protein? Complexity IV: From Cell to Organism 9.1 Development: Decoding a Master Plan What Can Be Done with a Fertilized Egg? 243 Information for developing an animal comes from within the animal. This is a major difference between animal development and ____________ development. Oncogene (proto-oncogenes are normal) Tumor suppressor genes Two Cancer Genes It is a regulatory protein that stimulates a cascade of regulatory alteraltions- moves cell from G1 to S phase (passes checkpoint) Complexity IV: From Cell to Organism Fertilized Egg automobile Page 5 of 7 248 F 9.6 9.3 259 262 262 265 267 F 9.24p 268 Getting from One Cell to You or to a Tree List the recognized organ systems to be found within the human body. Nervous sys, Endocrine sys, Muscular sys, Skeletal sys, Integumentary sys, Circulatory sys, Lymphatic/Immune sys, Respiratory sys, Digestive sys, Excretory sys, Reproductive sys Summarize the structure and function of the endocrine Main organs- pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, hormone system. secretory glands Function-works with nervous system to send hormone signals to control the body Development of a Human Being Development of a Human Being Early Events A sequence of human cell divisions accompanied by Morula some growth and cell differentiation convert an early, blastocyst solid ball of cells called a ____________ into a hollow ball of cells called a ____________. Embryonic Differentiation of Organ Systems Embryonic Differentiation List and distinguish all the terms that would be used to Anterior describe aspects of the three-dimensional adult form. Posterior Dorsal Ventral In the three-dimensional form of the adult Dalmatian, Anterior (+ posterior, dorsal, ventral) what would the “front” end of the animal be named? heart Your primordial (early) ____________ began as a fusion of two endocardial tubes near your midline. Organogenesis of the Brain Organogenesis List the 5 pre-specialized (early) regions of the brain Telencephalon\ forbrain found in a 7-week-old human embryo. Diencephalon / Misacephalon- midbrain 267 Successful differentiation of early brain regions Metencephalon \ Myelencephalon/ Wnt hindbrain Page 6 of 7 269 270 269 270 requires that cells destined to form these regions have surface receptors for both the ____________ and ____________ signal proteins. What is the role of the adult cerebrum? Heart rate and respiratory inhalation rate functions in the mature human adult are controlled by the ____________ ____________. Which part of the mature adult brain exerts a dominant control over the endocrine system? The brain most directly interacts with and controls the ____________ ____________ and the peripheral ____________. SHH- brain organization and digit formation Controls sensory and mother Locus of thought and memory *learning, voluntary movement, and sensory interpretation Medulla oblongata- heatrate and breathing Htypothalamus (with its pituitary gland) Endocrine sys- hormone signals to control the body Nervous system nerves Page 7 of 7