Which of the Following is the Best Description of the Process of Cellular Respiration

1. Which of the following is the best description of the process of cellular respiration? A means to extract energy from organic molecules 2. The main product of cellular respiration is ATP. 3. The products of cellular respiration include: carbon dioxide & water 4. Which of the following molecules are energy intermediates produced during cellular respiration? ATP, NADH & FADH2 5. Glucose contains covalent bonds that store a large amount of: chemical energy 6. The metabolic reactions that a cell uses to get energy from food molecules and release waste products are collectively called: cellular respiration 7. What four pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water? Citric acid cycle Breakdown of pyruvate Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation 8. The primary aim of cellular respiration is to produce molecules of ATP, which provide energy to the cell. 9. Consider the net equation of cellular respiration. Which of the following molecules would be reactants? glucose & oxygen 10. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into: 2 pyruvate molecules 11. The three energy intermediates produced during cellular respiration are ATP, NADH, and FADH2. 12. True or false: Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria. False 13. The covalent bonds in glucose store large amounts of energy. 14. Arrange the four steps of cellular respiration in the correct order. Start with the earliest on top. Glycolysis Breakdown of pyruvate Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation 15. The pyruvate molecule produced in glycolysis undergoes a reaction which results in the production of one acetyl group and one CO2 molecule. 16. The main product of cellular respiration is ATP. 17. Glycolysis involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into: two molecules of pyruvate 18. Which of the following are end products of glycolysis? NADH ATP Pyruvate 19. Glycolysis occurs in the: cytosol 20. The study of the chemistry of living organisms is called biochemistry. 21. True or false: Glycolysis can only occur under aerobic conditions. False 22. What are the products of the breakdown of a single pyruvate molecule? One CO2 One NADH molecule One acetyl group 23. During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP. 24. All the reactions of glycolysis can be grouped into three phases. 25. What field is the study of the chemistry of living organisms? Biochemistry 26. Why are phosphate groups added to glucose during the first phase of glycolysis? To raise its free energy so that later reactions are exergonic 27. The process of glycolysis can take place: in the presence or absence of oxygen 28. The hydrolysis of ATP early in glycolysis leads directly to: the phosphorylation of glucose 29. Glycolysis consists of 10 reactions or steps. 30. During the first phase of glycolysis: there is an ATP investment 31. The purpose of the energy investment phase of glycolysis is to: prime glucose for the exergonic reactions to follow 32. The reactions of glycolysis can be grouped into three phases. Match each phase with the key biochemical event that occurs. Energy investment phase – ATP is hydrolyzed, and its phosphate groups are attached to glucose. Cleavage phase – A six-carbon molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules. Energy liberation phase – ATP and NADH are synthesized. 33. During the first phase of glycolysis, ATP is hydrolyzed so that phosphate groups can be added to: glucose 34. The second stage of glycolysis is called the cleavage phase. The reactions of the cleavage phase break a six-carbon molecule into: two three-carbon molecules 35. The number of ATP molecules hydrolyzed during the first stage of glycolysis is two. 36. The third stage of glycolysis (steps 6-10) is called the energy liberation phase. It produces a total of two molecule(s) of NADH and four molecule(s) of ATP for every molecule of glucose that enters the pathway. Note: This question is NOT asking about the net yield but the total. 37. Arrange the three stages of glycolysis in the correct order. Begin with the initial phase at the top of the list. Energy investment phase Cleavage phase Energy liberation phase 38. In glycolysis, what is the net yield of ATP per molecule of glucose? Two ATP molecules 39. During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, glucose is converted to: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 40. During the cleavage stage of glycolysis, a molecule with six carbon atoms is broken into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 41. During the oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NADH is produced 42. The net products of glycolysis are: 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O 43. For every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, the energy liberation phase (steps 6-10) generates a total of 2 NADH and 4 ATP molecules. 44. In the second phase of glycolysis, a molecule of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is cleaved into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 45. Glycolysis results in a net gain of two ATP per glucose molecule. 46. While glycolysis occurs in the cytosol in eukaryotic cells, the remaining steps of respiration occur in the mitochondria of the cell. 47. The first phase of glycolysis is also called the energy investment phase. 48. In the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate, which contains four carbons, is combined with acetyl-CoA, which contains two carbons in its acetyl group, to produce citric acid, which contains six carbons. 49. The removal of a phosphate from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate allows for the transfer of the phosphate to ADP, producing ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation. 50. Which of the following serve as REACTANTS in the net reaction of glycolysis? Select all that apply. 2 NAD+ 2 Pi22 ADP 251. During the cleavage phase of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two different three-carbon molecules. These two molecules are: dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 52. In order for cellular respiration to continue, the pyruvate produced in glycolysis must be transported into the mitochondria. 53. In the final stage of glucose metabolism, the high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are removed and used to produce more ATP. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation. 54. As a result of the reactions of the citric acid cycle, the carbons from acetyl CoA are released as: CO2 55. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 56. During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis is coupled to: the removal of high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 57. During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen. 58. The structural components of the electron transport chain include: protein complexes small organic molecules 59. True or false: The matrix of the mitochondrion generally has a more positive charge than the intermembrane space. False 60. The second event in oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase. 61. Which of the following best describes the chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation? NADH is oxidized and ATP is produced 62. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is: oxygen. 63. The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is: exergonic 64. Due to the electron transport chain, the proton concentration is the lowest in the mitochondrial matrix. 65. Which of these is a light driven H+ pump found in archaea? Bacteriorhodopsin 66. During oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is produced by the enzyme: ATP synthase 67. ATP synthase functions like a rotary machine. 68. When electrons are transferred to oxygen in the final step of the electron transport chain, a molecule of water is produced. 69. Which of the following molecules are used as energy sources by living organisms? sugars amino acids fatty acids 70. True or false: The flow of electrons through the electron transport chain requires an input of energy. False 71. Which term is used to describe an environment that lacks oxygen? Anaerobic 72. The structural components of the electron transport chain include: protein complexes small organic molecules 73. In aerobic respiration: O2 is reduced to H2O 74. Bacteriorhodopsin is a proton pump found in some species or archaea. The energy that bacteriorhodopsin uses to pump protons comes from: light 75. Many organisms, including animals and yeasts, can only use O2 as a final electron acceptor in their electron transport chains. 76. What type of motion is coupled to the synthesis of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase? Spinning 77. What molecule is produced during fermentation in muscle cells? Lactate 78. Select the organic molecules obtained from food that are most typically used as energy sources. Proteins Fats Carbohydrates 79. An environment where oxygen is absent is termed anaerobic. 80. At the end of the electron transport chain, cytochrome oxidase catalyzes the transfer of electrons to O2. 81. True or false: Some organisms can only use oxygen as a final electron acceptor. True 82. Muscle cells overcome the buildup of NADH and decrease of NAD+ under anaerobic conditions by reducing pyruvate to lactate. 83. In aerobic respiration: O2 is reduced to H2O 84. Many organisms, including animals and yeasts, can only use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in their electron transport chains.