Chapter 10-02 Homework

Chapter 10-02 Due: 11:59pm on Tuesday, November 30, 2021 Learning through Art: Flow of Genetic Information through the Cell Part A Can you identify the molecules and processes involved in the flow of genetic information through a cell? Drag the labels to the appropriate locations in the diagram. ANSWER: Reset Translation Transcription DNA RNA Protein Correct Part B Using the figure, can you complete the sentences about the structures and processes involved with the flow of information through the cell? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. ANSWER: Help Reset A ribosome Help serves as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. The principal role of RNA is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA out of the nucleus for the synthesis of proteins. Translation DNA is the process in which mRNA codons are converted into an amino acid sequence. is a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell, shaped like a double helix, and associated with the transmission of genetic information. Transcription is the first step of gene expression, during which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA. A protein is made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, attached to one another in long chains. Correct The flow of genetic information, or gene expression, in eukaryotic cells goes from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the nucleus. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and associates with ribosomes where translation into a protein occurs. Building Vocabulary: Protein Production Can you complete this paragraph about the cellular processes involved in protein production? Part A Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. ANSWER: Reset Help The cellular processes that results in the production of protein begin in the nucleus , where the DNA resides. There, the process of transcription creates a molecule of RNA from a molecule of DNA. The enzyme that performs this process is called RNA polymerase . The RNA molecule, which exits the nucleus, is a specific kind of RNA called mRNA . Once it exits the nucleus via the nuclear pores, this molecule travels to a cellular organelle called the ribosome . There, the sequence of nucleotides on this molecule is used to create a molecule of protein through the process called translation . This process is helped along by molecules of tRNA , each of which recognizes one nucleotide triplet and carries the corresponding amino acid. Correct Figure Walkthrough: A Summary of Transcription and Translation Watch this video and then answer the questions. Part A The figure shows transcription and translation. Can you identify each step? Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the figure. ANSWER: Reset Transcription RNA processing Elongation Amino acid attachment Initiation of translation Correct Part B Can you identify the function of each structure associated with transcription and translation? Drag the structures on the left to their correct functions on the right. ANSWER: Termination Help Reset 1. This enzyme helps to create mRNA using the information in DNA. RNA polymerase 2. This molecule takes information from DNA out to the cytoplasm. mRNA 3. This is the "workbench" where the polypeptide chain is made. ribosome 4. This molecule has an anticodon that specifies a particular amino acid, which it delivers to the growing polypeptide chain. tRNA 5. This 3-base subunit on mRNA enables tRNA to deliver the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain. codon Correct Activity: Transcription Complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A In the diagram below, the gray unit represents _____. ANSWER: RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter Correct RNA polymerase untwists a portion of the DNA double helix. Part B In the diagram below, the green unit represents _____. ANSWER: Help RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter Correct The promoter is the region of DNA at which the process of transcription begins. Part C In the diagram below, the two blue strands represent _____. Hint 1. RNA is not a double helix. ANSWER: RNA DNA transcription factors RNA polymerase the promoter Correct DNA is a double helix. Part D Which of these correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides? ANSWER: GTTACG CAATCG GTTACG CAAUGC GTTACG GTTACG GTTACG ACCGTA GTTACG UAACAU Correct In RNA, uracil takes the place of thymine. Part E The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____. ANSWER: 1' —> 5' 5' —> 3' 1' —> 3' 3' —> 5' 2' —> 4' Correct Nucleotides are added to the 3' end of RNA. BioFlix Activity: Protein Synthesis -- Transcription During transcription, an RNA molecule (shown in red) is transcribed from DNA (shown in blue). Can you label the bases on the RNA transcript? To review the process of transcription, watch this BioFlix animation: Transcription. Part A - Transcription Drag the correct labels onto the nucleotides in the RNA transcript. Not all labels will be used. ANSWER: Reset U C G A T Correct Learning through Art: Transcription--From DNA to RNA Part A Transcription is the cellular process that involves the transfer of information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). Drag the descriptions under the diagrams to identify the events of transcription. ANSWER: Help Reset RNA polymerase binds to a promoter on DNA, initiating transcription. The RNA transcript is processed to remove segments that do not encode for amino acids and to splice together those that do. RNA polymerase peels open the double helix of DNA, with one strand serving as a template for the formation of RNA. Help mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm. Correct The transcription process begins with RNA polymerase binding to the promoter of a gene. The RNA polymerase then separates the DNA double helix, and one strand is used to generate a molecule of RNA. The RNA is then processed--splicing together exons and removing introns--and becomes mRNA, which exits the nucleus via a nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA is used as instructions for generating a protein. BioFlix Activity: Protein Synthesis -- RNA Processing The diagrams below show events that occur during RNA processing. Can you label the events? To review the events of RNA processing, watch this BioFlix animation: RNA Processing. Part A - RNA Processing Drag the correct labels under the diagrams to identify the events of RNA processing. ANSWER: Reset A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. Correct Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. Segments of the RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. Extra adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. The completed messenger RNA (mRNA) leaves the nucleus. Help BioFlix Activity: Protein Synthesis -- Translation During translation, the message in mRNA is translated into a protein. Can you identify the structures and molecules involved in translation? To review the process of translation, watch this BioFlix animation: Translation. Part A - Translation Drag the correct labels onto the diagram to identify the structures and molecules involved in translation. ANSWER: Reset Large subunit of ribosome Small subunit of ribosome mRNA Correct BioFlix Quiz: Protein Synthesis Watch the animation before answering the questions. Part A Which of the following events occurs during transcription? Hint 1. Review the animation or your Study Sheet for Protein Synthesis. ANSWER: Amino acid tRNA Anticodon Help mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. The message in mRNA is translated into a protein. A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. A cap is added to the RNA molecule. Correct During transcription, RNA nucleotides line up with their complementary DNA partners, transcribing the information in DNA into RNA. Part B Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? Hint 1. Review the animation. ANSWER: Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides. mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. Correct mRNA undergoes RNA processing in the nucleus and then moves to the cytoplasm for translation. Part C The site of translation is Hint 1. Review the animation or your Study Sheet for Protein Synthesis. ANSWER: the Golgi apparatus. the cell nucleus. the plasma membrane. ribosomes in the cell nucleus. ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. Correct Translation occurs at ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. Part D Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? Hint 1. It might help to think about where in the cell translation occurs. ANSWER: Anticodon DNA Ribosomes tRNA Amino acids Correct DNA contains the instructions for making proteins, but these instructions are transcribed to RNA before translation occurs. Part E Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? Hint 1. Review the animation or your Study Sheet for Protein Synthesis. ANSWER: Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. Correct mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome at the beginning of translation. Activity: Mutations Click here to view this animation. Then answer the questions. Part A How do mutations affect an organism? ANSWER: they may cause the development of a disease-causing allele they may cause the development of a more beneficial allele they, in some cases, may have no noticeable affect all of the above Correct All of the above answers are correct. Part B DNA replication occurs at an unbelievably fast rate. Once replication is complete, we can expect to find a _____ number of mistakes. ANSWER: small average large Correct DNA polymerase makes few mistakes. Part C A female that is planning to become pregnant is concerned about her exposure to environmental mutagens which may have caused DNA mutations. In order for these mutations to become heritable, they must affect the: ANSWER: all of her cells her egg cells somatic cells Correct The gametes are passed to the next generation. Part D Which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA? ANSWER: an A paired with a T a C paired with a G a G paired with a T all of the above are improper base pairs Correct G and T should not pair. Connecting the Concepts: Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell Can you correctly identify the processes by which genetic information flows and where those processes occur in the cell? Part A Drag pink labels to pink targets to identify the name of each process. Drag blue labels to blue targets to identify where in the cell each process occurs. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all. ANSWER: Reset ribosomes nucleus mitochondria replication transcription translation nucleus nucleus ribosomes translation transcription replication Correct Score Summary: Your score on this assignment is 94.9%. You received 9.49 out of a possible total of 10 points. Help