Chapter 2 Protein Synthesis

Chapter 2: Protein Synthesis ____ 1. What is the relationship among genes, DNA, and proteins? C. A gene is a section of DNA that provides the directions for synthesizing a specific protein. ____ 2. What is the best meaning for the term gene expression? B. The specific trait or protein coded for by a single gene is actually present ____ 3. What is the difference between DNA transcription for DNA synthesis and DNA transcription for ____ 4. Which mature messenger RNA strand correctly reflects the accurate transcription of the following ____ 5. What is the function of ribosomes (also known as ribosomal RNA) in protein synthesis? B. Serve as the coordinator mechanism to allow proper reading of the mRNA and protein synthesis? D. Transcription for DNA synthesis occurs with both the “sense” and the “antisense” strands, while transcription for protein synthesis occurs with only the “antisense” strand. segment of DNA, in which large letters represent introns and small letters represent exons? tTGCGaAccaGaCTtaaAAtTAAA A. AUGGUUAUUA placement of the correct amino acid in the sequence by the tRNAs ____ 6. A strand of recently transcribed mRNA contains the following components: intron (1), intron (2), ____ 7. Which process occurs outside of the nucleus? D. Translation of mRNA ____ 8. What would be the consequence for protein synthesis if only limited amounts of adenine were ____ 9. Which process would be directly inhibited by a lack of conversion of thymine to uracil? A. Translation exon (3), intron (4), exon (5), exon (6), exon (7), intron (8). Which sequence is expected to appear in the mature mRNA? D. 3, 5, 6, 7 available in a cell? C. Decreased production of cellular proteins ____ 10. What would be the sequence of RNA complementary to single-stranded DNA with the base sequence of ACCTGAACGTCGCTA? C. UGGACUUGCAGCGAU ____ 11. Which events, structures, or processes are likely to trigger transcription of the beta-globin gene? A. Anemia and TATA boxes upstream from the beta-globin gene ____ 12. After a protein is synthesized during translation, what further process or processes is/are needed for it to be fully functional? C. The protein first twists into a secondary structure and then “folds” into a specific tertiary structure for activation and function. ____ 13. How does an “anticodon” participate in protein synthesis? C. Ensuring the appropriate tRNA places the correct amino acid into the protein ____ 14. The protein glucagon contains 29 amino acids in its active linear form. What is the minimum number of bases present in the mature messenger RNA for this protein? C. 87 ____ 15. Which feature or characteristic is most critical for protein function or activity? B. The sequence of amino acids ____ 20. Which statement about the introns within one gene is correct? D. The introns of one gene may be the exons of another gene. ____ 21. Which DNA segment deletion would cause a frameshift mutation? B. GAGTC ____ 22. A person who is worried that he may have inherited the gene mutation for Huntington disease is told that he has the “wild-type” form of this gene. What is the best interpretation of this finding? C. His Huntington disease gene is considered normal. ____ 23. What is the expected result of a “nonsense” point mutation? C. Replacing an amino acid codon with a “stop” codon, resulting in a truncated protein product ____ 24. What makes a frameshift mutational event more serious than a point mutational event? D. When the mutations occur in expressed genes, frameshift mutations always result in disruption of the gene function, whereas a point mutation can be silent. ____ 25. What is the expected outcome when a person (twin A) experiences a large deletion of DNA in one of his noncoding regions and his monozygotic twin (twin B) does not? A. DNA identification of each twin will be more specific. ____ 26. Which statement about single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is true? D. SNPs are generally responsible for point mutations. ____ 27. Why are people who have poor DNA repair mechanisms at greater risk for cancer development? B. Their somatic mutations are more likely to be permanent. ____ 28. How does an acquired mutation in a somatic cell gene leading to cancer development affect a person’s ability to pass on a predisposition for that cancer type to his or her children? B. There is no risk of passing on a cancer predisposition to one’s children from a somatic cell mutation. ____ 29. Which factor has the greatest influence on protein tertiary structure? C. Bond formation between amino acids that are distant from each other ____ 30. Jack and Jill go up a hill that has high levels of gamma radiation emission. Jack suffers 10 point mutational events in a noncoding region, and Jill suffers only one frameshift mutation in the insulin gene–coding region of all her pancreatic beta cells. What are the possible and probable outcomes of these events for both people? C. Jack will have few, if any, effects on protein synthesis but will have more personal DNA markers; Jill will not produce any functional insulin and will have type 1 diabetes mellitus. ____ 31. A new experimental drug has been developed that reduces the activity of microRNA in the beta cells of the pancreas of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. If this drug was specific only for pancreatic beta cells, what would be its effect? A. Increased production of insulin