Microbiology CH-06 Key 2

ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication 52. Cells grown in culture form a/an ______. A. B. C. D. monolayer bilayer aggregate plaque ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication 53. Diagnosis of viral infections sometimes involves analyzing the patient's blood for specific _____ that the immune system produces against the virus. A. B. C. D. glycoproteins antibodies complement proteins antigens ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication 54. Freshly isolated animal tissue that is placed in a growth medium and allowed to produce a cell monolayer is referred to as a/n _____ cell culture. A. B. C. D. E. initial primary secondary continuous positive ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication 55. A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures. A. B. C. D. E. embryo cell plaque bacteriophage egg ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication 56. Infectious protein particles are called ______. A. B. C. D. E. viroids phages prions oncogenic viruses spikes ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.07 Topic: Prions 57. Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called ______. A. B. C. D. E. viroids phages prions oncogenic viruses spikes ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.07 Topic: General Viral Properties 58. Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease is A. B. C. D. E. caused by a chronic latent virus. initiated by an oncogenic virus. caused by a viroid. a spongiform encephalopathy of humans. also called "mad cow disease." ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.07 Topic: Prions 59. Satellite viruses are A. also called viroids. B. dependent on other viruses for replication. C. the cause of spongiform encephalopathies. D. significant pathogens of plants. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.07 Topic: General Viral Properties 60. Two noncellular agents, smaller than viruses, are infectious proteins called _____ and infectious RNA strands called _____. A. B. C. D. E. prions; capsomeres virions; prions viroids; phages prions; phages prions; viroids ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.07 Topic: Prions 61. Who developed a rabies vaccine after realizing the disease was caused by something smaller than a bacterium? A. B. C. D. E. Leeuwenhoek Koch Pasteur Cohn Ivanovski ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.01 Topic: General Viral Properties 62. The primary purpose(s) of viral cultivation is/are to A. B. C. D. E. isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. prepare viruses for vaccines. do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells. perform wide-scale harvesting of viruses. All of the choices are correct. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways Learning Outcome: 06.16 List the three principal purposes for cultivating viruses. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Replication True / False Questions 63. When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell. TRUE ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.02 Summarize arguments on both sides of the debate regarding the classification of viruses as living organisms. Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses. Section: 06.05 Topic: Viral Replication 64. Viruses are used to produce vaccines for prevention of certain viral infections. TRUE ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products. ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.16 List the three principal purposes for cultivating viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 65. Viruses are considered ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm. FALSE ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms. Section: 06.03 Topic: General Viral Properties 66. A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses. Section: 06.03 Topic: General Viral Properties 67. Spikes are glycoproteins that can be found projecting from the viral capsid. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.07 Explain the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes. Section: 06.03 Topic: Viral Structure 68. Each virus is classified into a genus based on its host, target tissue, and type of disease it causes. FALSE ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.11 Demonstrate how family and genus names in viruses are written. Section: 06.06 Topic: Viral Classification 69. Animal viruses have the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell. FALSE ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses. Section: 06.05 Topic: Viral Replication 70. Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding or exocytosis. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.07 Explain the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes. Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses. Section: 06.03 Topic: Viral Structure 71. Prophages can be activated into viral replication and enter the lytic cycle. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. Section: 06.05 Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles 72. Bacteriophages do not undergo adsorption to specific host cell receptors prior to penetration. FALSE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. Section: 06.05 Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles 73. Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization. TRUE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 74. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) and the delta agent are prions. FALSE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.08 Topic: Prions 75. Viruses are simple, noncellular, and lack mRNA. TRUE ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.02 Summarize arguments on both sides of the debate regarding the classification of viruses as living organisms. Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses. Section: 06.02 Topic: General Viral Properties 76. Viruses mutate, and some viruses have not been discovered. TRUE ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.16 List the three principal purposes for cultivating viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 77. Viruses are not filterable. FALSE ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 06.01 Describe the significance of viruses being recognized as "filterable." Section: 06.01 Topic: General Viral Properties 78. Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell. TRUE ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 1. Remember Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.02 Summarize arguments on both sides of the debate regarding the classification of viruses as living organisms. Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses. Section: 06.02 Topic: General Viral Properties Multiple Choice Questions 79. A treatment for bacterial infections from the early 20th century has made a comeback; the use of bacterial viruses to eliminate bacterial infections. Which explanation most accurately describes the mechanism of action behind this treatment? A. A wide variety of bacteria cause a large percentage of human infections, producing much sickness and death. B. Viruses can infect bacteria, transferring pathogenic genes. The viral genes can then be suppressed, causing the bacteria to not replicate viruses. C. The attachment structures on the virus and the receptors on the host cells make for exquisite specificity of viruses for particular bacterial species. D. Antibiotic resistance in humans is on the increase, so using a different kind of therapy is more beneficial. ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.08 Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles 80. Some animals can become infected with multiple influenza virus strains usually associated with other animals. Which statement below describes the result of these infections? A. B. C. D. A new novel strain of flu may be produced, for which the human population has no immunity. Major genetic variations in the flu viruses can be reproduced. The viral genomes within the host cells can become recombined. All of the choices are correct. ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.08 Topic: Viral Replication 81. How are viroids transmitted? A. B. C. D. Respiratory secretions Sex Plant seeds Blood products ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Section: 06.07 Topic: General Viral Properties 82. Tamiflu is a common medication given for influenza treatment. It works by protecting and blocking sialic acid molecules on the surfaces of host cells and influenza virus envelopes as they leave the cell. Which statement reflects the mechanism of Tamiflu's action? A. B. C. D. Tamiflu blocks protein synthesis of the viral genome. Tamiflu interferes with the replication of +ssRNA from the -ssRNA genome of the flu virus. Tamiflu interferes with the release of the budding viruses from the infected host cells. Tamiflu interferes with the metabolic properties of the virus. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Section: 06.05 Topic: Viral Replication 83. Successful anti-HIV drug therapies today work by blocking the action of viral reverse transcriptase. Select which step of virus multiplication that would be directly blocked by this mechanism. A. B. C. D. E. Adsorption Penetration Synthesis Assembly Release ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological means. ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 84. You are working in a laboratory that is studying a newly isolated virus. Your job is to culture the virus using in vitro methods. Upon observing your inoculated tissue culture specimen one day, you notice clumps of cells growing on top of the original monolayer of cells. Microscopic analysis of stained cells from the culture reveal an alteration in host cell membrane protein content and chromosomal structure. Based upon this information, you hypothesize that the virus you are studying is ______. A. B. C. D. E. a bacteriophage a prion a viroid an oncovirus a satellite virus ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (including bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/or signals. ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.13 Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one example. Learning Outcome: 06.14 Provide examples of persistent and transforming infections, describing their effects on the host. Section: 06.05 Topic: Viral Replication 85. Select the statement that most accurately describes the action of antimicrobial drugs today. A. B. C. D. Antiviral drug treatment is more effective than vaccination against a viral disease. Effective antiviral drugs have a long history of development and use. Antiviral drugs often result in toxic side effects due to their inhibition of host cell activity. The development of antiviral drug resistance has not been observed, as compared to the high rate of antibiotic resistance seen today. ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, with the immense variety of microenvironments, have selected for a huge diversity of microorganisms. ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological means. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 86. Sterilizing filters have a pore size of 0.22 m. Which of the following statements is true? A. Bacterial cells are typically between 1,000-10,000 nm and pass through the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and are therefore blocked. B. Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 m and pass through the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and are therefore blocked. C.Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 m and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 nm and therefore pass through. D.Bacterial cells are typically between 1-10 nm and are blocked by the filter, whereas most viruses are between 20 and 200 m and therefore pass through. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.01 Describe the significance of viruses being recognized as "filterable." Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms. Section: 06.01 Topic: General Viral Properties 87. Compared to bacteria that have a typical size range between 1-10 m, A. viruses range in size between 20-200 nm and are much larger than bacterial cells. B. viruses have a much greater size range; between 22 nm and 1000 nm. C. all viruses are 22 nm. D. viruses are larger and are blocked by sterilizing filters. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms. Section: 06.02 Topic: General Viral Properties 88. In order to synthesize proteins, a virus with a genome comprised of single-stranded negative-sense RNA A. B. C. D. can directly translate its negative-sense RNA strand into proteins. must use reverse transcriptase to make a negative-sense DNA strand first. must use DNA polymerase to make a positive-sense DNA strand first. must use its negative-sense strand as a template to make a positive-sense RNA. ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.09 Diagram the possible nucleic acid configurations exhibited by viruses. Section: 06.03 Topic: Viral Replication 89. In order to replicate within a host cell, a virus with a genome comprised of single-stranded positive-sense RNA A. must use its genomic strand as a template to make copies of negative-sense RNA for packaging. B. must use its genomic strand as a template to make copies of positive-sense RNA for packaging. C.must first use its genomic strand as a template to make a negative-sense RNA, which then serves as a template to synthesize positive-sense RNA for packaging. D. must first use its genomic strand as a template to make copies of DNA for packaging. ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Learning Outcome: 06.09 Diagram the possible nucleic acid configurations exhibited by viruses. Section: 06.03 Topic: Viral Replication True / False Questions 90. Viral nomenclature uses the same system as living organisms; a genus and specific epithet is designated for each virus. FALSE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.10 Develop two arguments against assigning species names to viruses. Section: 06.04 Topic: Viral Classification Multiple Choice Questions 91. Viral classification has changed over the years and while they are given genus names, the use of species names has not been widely accepted. This is because A. B. C. D. viruses are not organisms. viruses change over time making species characteristics difficult to stabilize. viruses that could be classified into a single species may have many, but not all, properties in common. All of the above are arguments against using species designations for viruses. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.10 Develop two arguments against assigning species names to viruses. Section: 06.04 Topic: Viral Classification True / False Questions 92. Using species names for viruses is controversial since viruses are not considered living organisms, and they change over time so characteristics that may be used for speciation are unstable. TRUE ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.10 Develop two arguments against assigning species names to viruses. Section: 06.04 Topic: Viral Classification Multiple Choice Questions 93. Antiviral drugs are often difficult to develop, largely because A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the drugs must enter the host cell and often cause toxic side effects in order to destroy the virus. B. viruses are more abundant in the body than bacterial cells. C. viruses are much smaller than bacterial cells. D. viruses are more pathogenic than bacterial cells. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs. Section: 06.08 Topic: Viral Replication 94. A treatment for bacterial infections from the early 20th century has made a comeback; the use of bacterial viruses to eliminate bacterial infections. Which explanation most accurately describes the reason for the return of this treatment? A. A wide variety of bacteria cause a large percentage of human infections, producing much sickness and death. B. Viruses can infect bacteria, transferring pathogenic genes; the viral genes can then be suppressed, causing the bacteria to not replicate viruses. C. The attachment structures on the virus and the receptors on the host cells make for exquisite specificity of viruses for particular bacterial species. D. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is on the increase, so using a different kind of therapy offers an alternative to traditional drugs. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems Bloom's Level: 3. Apply Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacterial drugs. Section: 06.08 Topic: General Viral Properties 95. Which of the following is a true statement regarding lysogeny? A. Once the phage genome is integrated into the host cell, it remains there permanently. B. The host bacterial cell acquires new characteristics that are often detrimental to humans. C. It halts the viral life cycle because the phage genes are no longer replicated. D. The host bacterial cell is lysed once the phage genome is integrated. ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. Section: 06.05 Topic: Viral Replication 96. Why do some animal viruses have an external envelope, while bacteriophages never do? A. Some animal viruses bud out, taking part of the plasma membrane with them, whereas phages always lyse the host bacterial cell when they exit. B. When bacteriophages bud out, the plasma membrane is beneath the cell wall and therefore cannot be removed. C. When animal cells are lysed, part of the plasma membrane attaches to the virus; in bacterial cells, it is covered by the cell wall. D. When phages bud out of the host bacterial cell, they take with them part of the cell wall which forms the capsid, not an envelope. ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate Learning Outcome: 06.06 Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. Section: 06.03 Topic: Viral Structure CH-06: Test Bank Summary Category # of Questions ASM Objective: 01.02 Mutations and horizontal gene transfer, with the immense variety of microenvironments, have selected for a huge diversity of microorganisms. 1 ASM Objective: 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic trees. 2 ASM Objective: 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of microscopy (in cluding bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent, and electron). 12 ASM Objective: 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses and are determined by their unique structures and genomes. 30 ASM Objective: 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanical, or biologic al means. 2 ASM Objective: 04.01 Genetic variations can impact microbial functions (e.g., in biofilm formation, pathogenicity and drug resistance). 2 ASM Objective: 04.02 Although the central dogma is universal in all cells, the processes of replication, transcription, and translation differ in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. 1 ASM Objective: 04.03 The regulation of gene expression is influenced by external and internal molecular cues and/ or signals. 1 ASM Objective: 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells. ASM Objective: 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems. ASM Objective: 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other. ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in benefi cial, neutral or detrimental ways. ASM Objective: 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products. ASM Topic: Module 01 Evolution 15 3 8 31 2 3 ASM Topic: Module 02 Structure and Function 41 ASM Topic: Module 03 Metabolic Pathways ASM Topic: Module 04 Information Flow 5 15 ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems 40 ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms 3 Bloom's Level: 1. Remember 46 Bloom's Level: 2. Understand 36 Bloom's Level: 3. Apply 6 Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate 7 2 Learning Outcome: 06.01 Describe the significance of viruses being recognized as "filterable." 2 Learning Outcome: 06.02 Summarize arguments on both sides of the debate regarding the classification of viruses a s living organisms. Learning Outcome: 06.03 Identify effective terms to describe the behavior of viruses. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.04 Discuss the size of viruses relative to other microorganisms. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.05 Describe the function and structure(s) of viral capsids. 5 Learning Outcome: 06.06 Distinguish between enveloped and naked viruses. 7 Learning Outcome: 06.07 Explain the importance of viral surface proteins, or spikes. 7 Learning Outcome: 06.08 Compare and contrast the composition of a viral genome to that of a cellular organism's ge nome. 2 Learning Outcome: 06.09 Diagram the possible nucleic acid configurations exhibited by viruses. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.10 Develop two arguments against assigning species names to viruses. 3 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Demonstrate how family and genus names in viruses are written. Learning Outcome: 06.12 Diagram the six-step life cycle of animal viruses. 6 4 12 Learning Outcome: 06.13 Define the term cytopathic effect and provide one example. 2 Learning Outcome: 06.14 Provide examples of persistent and transforming infections, describing their effects on the host. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Provide a thorough description of lysogenic and lytic bacteriophage infections. 6 16 Learning Outcome: 06.16 List the three principal purposes for cultivating viruses. 3 Learning Outcome: 06.17 Describe three ways in which viruses are cultivated. 6 Learning Outcome: 06.18 List three noncellular infectious agents besides viruses. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Analyze the relative importance of viruses in human infection and disease. 7 12 Learning Outcome: 06.20 Discuss the primary reason that antiviral drugs are more difficult to design than antibacteria l drugs. 4 Section: 06.01 3 Section: 06.02 5 Section: 06.03 26 Section: 06.04 6 Section: 06.05 Section: 06.06 31 9 Section: 06.07 6 Section: 06.08 10 Topic: Bacteriophage Cycles 12 Topic: General Viral Properties 20 Topic: Prions 4 Topic: Viral Classification Topic: Viral Replication 8 36 Topic: Viral Structure 16