World History Unit 0

Unit 0 Themes Review Key Question Social How do people interact with each other, as individuals or in groups? - Political How do people or states gain and exercise power? Who is in charge? How did they gain that power and how do they use it? - Interactions w/ Environment Religion Beliefs Values Art Science How do people produce, exchange, and consume goods and services? - Technology Demographics/population Migration Resources How do people develop and express beliefs, identities, and values? - Economic Power Authority What are the consequences of humans acting in their environment? What effect does the environment have on the population? How does migration and movement of people affect the environment? - Cultural Class Race Gender Family Labor Systems (coerced or forced) Production Trade/Commerce What do people create to increase their efficiency, comfort, or security? - Innovations - Developments - Ideas Increased security is used for political purposes. Increases comfort used in cultural and social purposes. Part One: The First Migrations Africa (200,000 years - 250,000 years ago) ○ Homo sapiens inhabited in grasslands of East and South Africa ● First skelton in gorge of Kenya ○ Technological innovations ● To help with hunting and gathering (stone blade, points) ● Wandering to stay alive ○ Exchange patterns → social and symbolic behavior ● Dif than animals w/ kinship groups (family) - Ex. blombos cave over cliff → Indian ocean + cliff = protection - Groups of people gathering Eurasia (45,000 to 20,000) ○ People fill African continent and move into Europe and Middle East ● Move out into Eurasia ○ Hunters used spears and bows to hunt (more technology) ● Ex. Otzi the Iceman (lived 5,300 years ago) → Otztal Alps of Italy ● Bone needles, weaving baskets pottery, cave paintings, permanent settlements, venus figurines (extra powers, exaggerated parts, fertility, new ideas) → idea of intellect ● Found perfectly preserved Australia (60,000 years ago) ○ Using boats, small numbers of people move from SE Asia to Australia ○ Dugout (log w/ dugout) → row w/ it and go across waters ● unique : more complex understanding of the world; DREAMLIKE) - Stories of where we came from and how we got here and greater capacity to imagine ● Accounted for the origin of world and networks of migration ○ Connected current people to their history American (30,000 years to 15,000 years ago) ○ Moving from NE Russia to Americas ● Clovis point technology allows hunting of large animals threw for bigger game ● Widely distributed (evidence) and then disappears hunted food source of extinction? Change in weather? - Adaption → bosion hunters (greater plains) and desert loving in the South Western (built homes out of what as available Pacific (Last Phase) → (3,500 years ago) ○ Moved East from Asia into Pacific ● Ocean Going canoes, open water navigation - Intention to colonize ○ Micronesia, polynesia, and melanesia (sailing west of madagascar as well) ● Atronesian language is the widest spread ● Took plants and animals with them ● Those societies were highly stratified and affected extinction of many native species on the island they inhibited Part 2 Settling Down: The Great Transition Change ○ 2,500 (microblades introduced) ○ 16,000 (collection of wild grains) ○ 16,000 to 10,000 (end of the last ICE AGE) ○ Global warming ○ plants/animals flourish ○ Human population grows and settles down ● More food→ more people= dramatic growth Neolithic/ Agricultural Revolution ○ Changes in human life for farming ○ Gathering→ making ○ Causes ● Rising temperature (longer growing season) ● Population growth (the need for more food) Farming Techniques ○ Slash and burn ● Cut and burn trees and grass to clear fields ● Ashes→ fertile soil ● After 2 years… moved ○ Domestic ● Tamed horses, dogs, goals, pigs ● Farmers and pastoral nomads (herders) - Ex. Chicken- eggs and overtime can be used as meat Villages that Developed ○ Africa- Nile River Valley→ wheat, barley, other crops ○ China- Huang He River → millet, rice, soybeans, silkworms, pigs ○ Mexico/CA→ corn, beans, squash, dog, turkey ○ Peru→ tomatoes, sweet potatoes, white potatoes, llama, guinea pigs ● Africa/ china= all rivers ● Mexico/ca= tropical ● Peru= mountains - Different sources of food because of where they live Catal Huyuk- South Central Turkey ○ Farmers ● Large crops of wheat, parsley, pea (raised cattle and sheep and crops/animals and gathered) ○ Potters and weavers ○ Obsidian ● Jewelry, mirrors, knives ○ First town (largest settlement during the Neolithic P.) → no roads ○ 6000 people Dangers of Settled Life ○ Flood ○ Fire ○ Drought ○ Disease First Civilizations (Rise of the States) ○ Led by kings (who figured out how to get to the top) ○ Society with writing forms ○ Held together large amounts of people ○ Replaced kinship → basic organization powers ○ Limited powers (ex. The temple an private economy checked the power of rulers) State Power ○ To solve problems of urban living= living close together ● Adjudicate conflicts ● Organize irrigation ● Defend city ○ Only some produced food ● Most service and goods ○ Served upper class and people below with force (more useful for some than others) ○ State power became normal and natural (endorsed by God) ○ Religion used to enforce and RESTRAIN the state (god chosen leaders) ○ Examples of Division ordained by god ● Chinese Kings power from son of heaven; west Zhou Dynasty; Mandate of Heaven ● Mesopatamia= King Symbols; crown, thrown, scepter, macs of divine origin ● Egypt- pharaohs; divine qualities- embodies all major gods= supernatural powers ○ Examples of Restrain ● Hammurabi- his godly code was inspired by Marduk= to bring about the rule of righteousness (destroying wicked and evil people) ● Urukagina- Meso king claimed power from god to reform city ● Chinese Emperors- Western Zhou Dynasty claimed to mandate from heaven but the ations can remove the mandate and affect overthrown government State Authority Reinforced ○ The grandeur of kings Living Lavish Style of Elites ○ Luxury palace, fine clothes, jewels, servants Impressive Rituals ○ Ex. Death triggered elaborate burials, pyramids at Giza were elaborate tombs ○ (keep people happy or “entertained”)--> romans with circus Imposing Structures ● Ex. Egyptian pyramids for burial ○ Temples: maya temples of giant jaguar in Tikal ○ Ziggurats: meso cultrus with temples at top ● Religious leaders at the top and poor on the bottom ○ Statue: Olmec heads (of rulers) Classes Hierarchies of Class ○ High levels of productivity→ inequalities in wealth, status, power ○ Social divisions were normal Upper Class ○ No physical labor (they show it off) ○ Top position in society: Social political and religion ● Ex. foot binding in China: women of high class couldn’t physically work in fields Free Commoners ○ Farmers but also artisans and soldiers (because of surplus of food) ○ Surplus also cause upper class to be “more upper class” Slaves ○ Common in all civilization (slave density differed) ○ Concept of slaverpeople y different than our common concept ● Some respected but others did not Hierarchies of Gender ○ Sex vs. Gender with women subordinate to men ● Women: home ● Men: protection/control ○ Gender roles more strict in upper class (working women to be involved) ● Origin - Plow based (muscle agriculture coupled with increase birth rate) ○ Women= home/nature ○ Dominated nature - Military more important (not a place for women) Patriarchy in practice ○ Def: social system in which men dominance in present and power and possession are passed on from father to son ○ Men control of female’s sexuality but not vise versa ○ Women divided into 2 positions ● Respectable: veil ● Unrespectable: no veil ○ Female goddesses were relegated to the home and hearth, replaced by men Realm of Spirit ○ Rich “interior life” ● Monotheism ● Several levels of supernatural beings ● Impersonal force accessed through shamans ○ Venus Figures ● Strong female features ● Fertility and bringing life ○ Religion more simplistic than now Early Trends/Traditions that last ○ Polytheism ● Belief system that follows multiple gods - Hinduism ○ Dharma (duty of your caste) ● Key to living a proper life in society ● Different castes have different duties ● Relates to account of good - Karma is influenced by Dharma ○ Moksha is the goal of reincarnation, to go to heaven eternally ○ Political fragmentation leads to families and and societies splitting up into heavy beliefs different gods and ideals ○ Animism ● Belief system that sees a spiritual aspect in natural objects or events ● Less formalized than Polytheism - Spiritual aspects ● Overlaps between Polytheism= many spirits - Older beliefs: American Indians, African ○ Ancestor Veneration ● Respect for the dead; belief that they can affect the living - Very common: Popular in China ○ Monotheism - Judaism ○ One god ● transcendent god, one who is above all others ○ Ten Commandments ○ Covenant ● God made promises to the people, and that he will fulfill them ○ Personal Morality- moral and upright behavior ● People that need more help are treated with special care (widows, orphans, etc) ○ Judaism spread as Jewish people traveled ● Not an universalizing religion- did not want converts - Christianity ○ Pathway to Heaven ● Narrow, singular, exclusive, not everyone finds it - Two pathways, death and destruction and the path that leads to life ○ Jesus came down and a punishment because of the sins of the humans ○ Universalizing religion ● Many marginalized groups converted ● Originally seen as a threat in Roman Empire, but then becomes accepted ● Seeked converts through missionaries who spread the teachings of Jesus - Islam ○ 5 pillars of Islam ● Fasting, Charity, Devotion, etc. ○ Originates with the Prophet Muhammad on the Arabian Peninsual ○ Universalizing Religion ● Spreads with missionaries, merchants, militaries (3 Ms) ○ Cultural link between societies ● Societies who shared Islam also shared other ideas and practices ○ Tension between Muslims and Christians ○ Tension between Muslim and Jewish ○ Tensions between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia Part Three Spread of Islam ○ Muhammad→ military, political, and spiritual leader ○ Became extensive- Spain to India (Islamic) ● The techings of Islam ○ 5 pillars of how to be Muslim ○ Words of Muhammas→ involved in trade (pilgrimage to Mecca) ● Cuba→ not ight→ leaf to revelation ○ Words of Allah through Muhammad= Kuran ● Sunni and Shias (after Muhammad death) ○ Sunnis- elect leaders ○ Shi’as- decendant of Muhammad ○ Similar to when Roamn splits into Roman Catholic and Orthodox ● Fast expansion after death of Muhammad (100 years) Dar al Islam ○ Abbasid caliphate (empire/dynasty like) ○ Baghdad and Jizya ● Baghdad brought in scholars and translate greek word to Arbaic ● Jizya- tax on all non mulims (Islamic was somewhat accepting) China ○ Disruption and Lack of Unity (alternated with peace and disruption) ○ Sui Dynasty ● Grand canal ○ Tang ● Expansion and growth of middle kingdom ○ Song ● Meritocracy and confucianism Japan ○ Disunity followed by unity ○ Emperor- leads parts of the country but loses control to feudal lords ● Replaced by shoguns who control Daimyo and Shinto religion develops ○ Daimyo (samurai)--> control ○ Shoguns (get daimyo unified)--> military leaders ○ SHINTO (kinda like Daosim)--> gate through solace (Japanland, seasons, relation with nature) Africa ○ Bantu speakers ● Iron workings ● Periods of migration (multiple) forests → plains ● Ghana (Trans Saharan Trails and Routes ○ Salt and Gold ● Great Zimbabwe and Swahili City States South and Southeast Asia ○ India (SA)- Hindu and Islam ○ Monsoon winds (unified as they understood and got involved in trade) Europe ○ 330 CE- Constantine move Roman Capital from Rome to Byzantine ○ Near Balck Sea- easier trade ○ Split Crush→ Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church ● 476 CE- Fall of Rome ○ Roman states devolved into duchies and fiefdoms ○ Rise of Modern States ● Charlemagne- emperor of Romans ● Crusaders - Bring Jerusalem under Catholic Control ○ Hagia Sophia Americas ○ Maya→ slipping away (golden age ends) ○ Maya → aztecs (toltecs take their place setting the state for aztec) ● Missisipes develop (beginning) ○ 90% die of diseased ○ 10% convert to Chrisitainty (left over) ● Human sacrifice Great Empires ○ Roman and Han empires (largest empires we’ve seen) ● Laws to control ● Infrastructure to move back and forth ● Silk road connected then together ○ Achaemenid and Gupta empires ● Connected → silkroads, searoads, sand roads, etc. ● Cause: I want what they have ● Effect: I have what they have Connected ○ Buddhism → supports bottom of caste (totally eliminates it) ● Cause: Siddhartha Gautama →poverty and sadness got to him - Sat under bodhi tree ○ Enlightenment →anybody can achieve nirvana 4 noble truths = can achieve enlightenment in your own lifetime ● Spreads all through Silk Roads ● Merchants share their ideas → about Buddhism - It rejected caste system and was universalized religions ○ To end suffering of human beings ● The Eight-Fold path includes meditation ● Nirvana is the end of the cycle to overcome suffering ○ Religious Syncretism: ● Buddhism spread widely and blends, leading to different forms of Buddhism - Universalizing religion- individualistic and easily able to be adapted ○ Offered individual improvement and escape from social structures (appealed to lower classes) - Forms Mahayana, and Theravada Buddhism Bodhisattvas- paused on their journey to enlightenment to help others Mauryan Empire ○ Ashoka and his pillars ● Pillars: rules of the Ashoka - Written in/on the pillars - Understanding the rules and His rule Gupta Empire ○ Golden age of India … physicians and mathematics ○ Patriarchy Confucianism and Developments in EA ○ Confucianism ● Writes an analects - Relationship between people, family, and higher class - Filial piety = respecting elders and ancestors - How to be a good member of society - Treating people with respect ● Filial Piety (Cultural Value in Social Relationships) - Respect for Elders - Younger members show respect (Younger members deference, Older - Ideal model of how all relationships should be in all aspects of life members reverence) ● Spreads to Korea, Vietnam, Japan ● Meritocracy - Civil Service Exam Daoism ○ Balance between nature and people ○ Mandate of Heaven ● Nature tells us if the leader is good or bad and if he is doing the correct thing ○ Focus on the natural world ○ Aligning with nature to create social harmony ○ Dao gives people an invitation to give up these elements ○ Yin-Yang (balance between opposites) ● Balance and harmony between humans and nature ○ Different experiences based on class ○ Elites pursued life with Daoist ideals, in a heavily Confucian society ○ Gave lower-class people power in magic and fortune-telling and spirits of nature ○ Daoist thoughts and ideas blend into Neo-Confucian ideals Qin Shi Huang ○ Ruled Qin Dynasty for short period of time ○ Unified people (harshly) → legalism Han (golden age of Chinese history) ○ Lasted a long time → BECAUSE OF THE QIN DYNASTY (effect) ○ Tech/peace = Civil Service Exam ● West Eurasia and Christianity Persia Early American Civilizations ○ Cyrus the Great ● Amazing palace to rule centralized gov - All about the show and fear ○ Teotihuacan ● Large religious temples ● sun/moon and rotation of seasons ● Ability to build temples Greece - ○ 1,000 city states (sparta → military, athens → democracy) ○ Religious ○ Alexander the Great ○ Macedonia = took culture and sweep Solidify power of priests and rules ● Grid city of the gods ○ Mayans ● Calendar the concept of zero ● Technologically advanced through Persia ● Greek architecture all over Rome Comparison of the Classical Era ○ Every single of the empires declined ○ Government 12 tables because of ○ Mare nostrum = in our sea ● Tax collection ○ Massive Empire ● Lack of support for leadership ○ Problem with size → now they ● Decline in trade expanded ● Gave citizenship to all ○ Christianity (empire’s religion) ○ Byzantine Empire = when Rome broke apart ● Spread of disease ● Gap between rich and poor ● Attacks by outside groups ○ Religion holds the society together as the governments fall