Unit II Marks Questions & Answers

UNIT – II 2 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS USE OF rapid application model(apr/may 2019) 1. apid application development is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. ... In the RAD model, the functional modules are developed in parallel as prototypes and are integrated to make the complete product for faster product delivery. What ate the stages of estimation process.(apr/may 2019) The Estimation Process 1- Scoping. You need first to scope the project even if you do not have the full detailed requirements but you can assume some of them or add margins later. ... 2- Decomposition. ... 3- Sizing. ... 4- Expert and Peer Review. ... 5- Estimation Finalization. Give examples for rapid application model.(Nov/Dec 2019) 1. Purchase Order Collecting data for purchase orders and approving them sounds like a very simple process, but readymade options often complicate it. However, you also want to build them on a platform that gives you more than just basic functionality. To start this RAD example, gather all the people who know the process best, starting with the procurement team. Bring together current forms and a complete understanding of the workflow. Discuss how you want the app to function. With purchase orders, it‟s often helpful to also have a vendor database for quick reference to call up information in the form. Decide what fields should be shown at what steps, and if you want to add some conditional steps that only happen when certain parameters are met. Then the procurement team can sit alongside someone familiar with Kissflow to build the first prototype. You should be able to have a working form and workflow built within 1-2 hours depending on the complexity of your form and how many databases you want to link it to. After getting the basic app up and running, it should be shared with those who are going to be using it. Those who are requesting purchase orders may have some additional ideas for how to improve the form or workflow. These changes can be implemented immediately and shown to stakeholders on the spot. 2. Employee Resignation Another RAD example is handling employee resignation. HR teams have a lot to coordinate when an employee decides to leave the company. This app might seem trickier to build just because there are so many moving parts involved. But you can use the same approach. HR will be leading the charge on this development. However, they need input from management, payroll, IT, and many others. Creating the perfect workflow is the key challenge here. As you develop the application, you‟ll continually think of other people who need to be informed and take action. RAD can play a key role in quickly adding steps to your workflow and testing to make sure that confidential data is hidden from those who don‟t need to see it. At some point in the development process, the HR team may also want to handle resignations and terminations in the same application. In traditional development, this means going back to the beginning and building the app from scratch. But if you are using Kissflow and RAD principles, you can quickly go through and create a different workflow for terminations, or make some tasks conditional. 3. Travel Request The last RAD example we‟ll look at is Travel Request. This one may be used more broadly by the entire company anytime someone is traveling for official business. Depending on your company, the sales team or the customer accounts team might use it the most. However, it‟s usually the finance team that is responsible for the application. The key with travel requests is keeping tight control over adherence to policies. There‟s usually a lot of chaos surrounding travel. Even if the finance team has set a detailed policy, some departments might find ways around it. That‟s where building an application in Kissflow with RAD principles can help keep things in order. The finance team can create a form that displays the written travel policy, and validates key data to make sure everything is correct before getting a manager‟s approval. It‟s important for the finance team to be able to do a budget and/or cash flow check as well before the travel is arranged. By using RAD principles, the finance team can quickly create a prototype of the application and get feedback from various departments before going live. With a no-code platform like Kissflow, they can also take responsibility to maintain the app and make changes along the way What is SCRUM?(Nov/Dec 2019) Scrum is an Agile project management methodology involving a small team led by a Scrum Master, whose main job is to clear away all obstacles to the team completing work. Work is done in short cycles called sprints, and the team meets daily to discuss current tasks and roadblocks that need clearing. 2. What is process model? A life cycle model also called as process model of a software product is a graphical or textual representation of its life cycle. A process model may describe the details of various types of activities carried out during the different phases and the document produced. 3. What is called maintenance stage? The product is used by the customer and during this time the product needs to be maintained for fixing bugs and enhancing functionalities. This stage is called maintenance stage. 4. What is RAD? One response to the structured methods is rapid application development. This puts emphasis on quickly producing the prototypes of the software for users to evaluate. 5. What is Model-driven architectures? A contracting approach which is attempt to create MDA the system development using MDA involves creating the platform independent model which specifies system functionality using UML diagrams supplemented by additional information recorded in the Object Constraint Language(OCL). 6. What is incremental delivery? A project lifecycle strategy used to reduce risk of project failure by dividing projects into smaller, more manageable pieces. The resulting sub-projects may deliver parts of the full product, or product versions. These will be enhanced to increase functionality or improve product quality in subsequent sub-projects. 7. What is time-boxing? It is associated with an incremental approach. The scope of deliverables for an increment is rigidly constrained by an agreed deadline. This deadline has to be met, even at the expense of dropping some of the planned functionality. 8. What is gold-plating? It is requesting of features that are unnecessary and not in fact used, is less as users know that if a feature is not in the current increment then it can be included in the next. 9. What is software breakage? Later increments might require modifications to earlier increments that is known as software breakage. 10. What are functional goals? It includes: Objectives it is intended to achieve Jobs the system is to do Computer / non-computer functions to achieve them. 11. What are the major aims of RAD model? 1. To decrease the time taken and the cost incurred to develop software systems 2. To limit the costs of accommodating change requests by incorporating them as early as possible before large investments have been made on development and testing. 12. What is the main disadvantage of traditional heavy weight methodologies? The difficulty of efficiently accommodating change requests from customers during the execution of the project. 13. What are the various agile approaches? 1. Crystal Technologies 2. Atern (formely DSDM) 3. Feature-driven Development 4. Scrum 5. Extreme Programming (XP) 14. What is agile project? An agile project includes a customer representative in the team. At the end of each iteration, the customer representative along with the stakeholders review the progress made, re-evaluate the requirements, and give suitable feedback to the development team. 15. What is XP? The prime source of information on XP is Kent Beck‟s Extreme programming. XP is explained as embrace change first published in 1999 and updated in 2004. XP takes commonsense principles to extreme levels. 16. What are the four core values presented as the foundations of XP? 1. Communication and feedback 2. Simplicity 3. Responsibility 4. Courage 17. What the advantages of incremental delivery? 1.feedback from early increments improves the later stages. 2. user gets benefits earlier than with a conventional approach. 3. Smaller sub projects are easier to control and manage. 4 Job satisfaction is increased for developers. 18. What are the scale factors of COCOMO models? 1.system objective 2. incremental plan 3.Open Technology plan. 19. What is refactoring? The courage to resist the temptation to make changes that affect as little of the code as possible and prepared to rewrite whole sections of code if this will keep the code structured. 20. What is scrum model? In this model, projects are divided into small parts of work that can be incrementally developed and delivered over time boxes that are called sprints. The product gets developed over a series of manageable chunks. Each sprint takes only a couple of weeks. 21. What are the two level of managing iterative process? Macro process-related to water fall model. Within macro process there will be micro activities . System testing done here. Micro process. It is possible for agile projects using XP practices to exist within a more traditional stage –gate project environment. 22. List out software effort estimation techniques? Algorithm model Expert judgment Analogy method Parkinson method Price to win method Top down method Bottom up method 23. What is COSMIC full function points?  Extension of IFPUG method for real time system.  COSMIC deal with decomposing the system architecture into hierarchy of software layers. software components communicate with peer to peer communication. Input and output are aggregated into data groups. The FFp count derived by the 4 types of data movements. 24. What is four data groups data movements? Entries(E) Exits (X), Read (R), Write (W) 25. What are the COCOMO models mode and common equation of COCOMO model.  Organic mode:-system being developed as small.  Embedded mode: Product developed within very tight constraints.  Semi detached: combined elements of organic and embedded mode. Equation : Effort= c(size)k 26. What are the three stages of COCOMO models? Application composition Early design Post architecture 27. What are the scale factors of COCOMO models? Development flexibility (FLEX) Architecture/risk resolution(RESL) Team cohesion(TEAM) Process maturity (PMAT) 28. What are effort multipliers of COCOMO II models? Adjust the estimate to take account of productivity factors, but do not involve economies or diseconomies of scale. 29. What is staffing Pattern- Putnam,s work? After the effort required to complete a software project has been estimated, the staffing requirement for the project can be determined. Putnam suggested that starting from a small number of developers, there should be a staff build up and after a peak size has been achieved, staff reduction is required. 30. What is staffing Pattern- Norden’s work? After the effort required to complete a software project has been estimated, the staffing requirement for the project can be determined. Norden’s work suggested that starting of R and D project, the activities of the project are planned and investigations are made. At this time the man power requirements are low. As the project progress man power requirements increases until it reach peak. 31. What is function point analysis? Quantify the functional size of programs independently of their programming language. The components are External input types, External output types, External inquiry types, logical internal file types, external interface file.