Current Ethical Guidelines for Both Behavioral and Medical Researchers Have Their Origins in

1. The Milgram study on obedience played an important role in the development of ______. a. personality tests to assess participants' behaviors in a research group b. ethical standards that guide ethical decision making c. new techniques to randomly assign participants to different groups during an experiment d. highly efficient pretests to be used in psychometric analysis 2. The ______ is a legal document that outlines 10 rules of research designed to prevent research atrocities. a. Belmont Report b. Helsinki Report c. Nuremberg Code d. Milgram Obedience Code 3. Which of the following is true of the Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration? a. Neither of them were applicable to medicine. b. They both contained strict enforcement structures. c. They did not explicitly address behavioral research. d. Each was developed by the American Psychological Association. 4. Current ethical guidelines for both behavioral and medical researchers have their origins in the ______. a. Belmont Report b. Helsinki Report c. Milgram Code d. Nuremberg Code 5. Match the basic ethical principles of the Belmont Report (in the left column) with their applications (in the right column). a. Principle of Beneficence necessity to conduct a risk-benefit analysis b. Principle of Respect for Persons informed consent of participants c. Principle of Justice selection of subjects for research 6. The real purpose of Milgram's obedience experiment was to study ______. a. the effect of punishment on learning b. obedience to authority c. the effect of rewards on learning d. people's ability to recall numbers 7. The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct provided by the American Psychological Association (APA) is known as the ______. a. APA Legal Code b. APA Ethics Code c. APA Rights Code d. APA Social Code 8. Identify an accurate statement about the Nuremberg Code. a. It explicitly addressed behavioral research. b. It was generally seen as applicable to general research settings. c. It was endorsed and enforced by all major professional organizations. d. It was rooted in the context of the Nazi experience. 9. True or false: Many of the principles in the APA Ethics Code echo the ethical principles laid out in the Belmont Report. True 10. Which of the following is an ethical code of conduct developed by the World Medical Association? a. Nuremberg Code b. Declaration of Helsinki c. Belmont Report d. Principle of Respect for Persons 11. The American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code states that psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons and the welfare of animal subjects of research. This refers to the principle of ______. a. Justice b. Fidelity c. Beneficence d. integrity 12. The ______ defined the principles and applications that have guided more detailed regulations developed by the American Psychological Association and other professional societies and U.S. federal regulations that apply to both medical and behavioral research investigations. a. Nuremberg Code b. Milgram Report c. Helsinki Code d. Belmont Report 13. In the context of the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, the APA has provided ______. a. leadership in formulating ethical principles and standards for behavioral research b. technological support to psychologists to conduct ethical research c. monetary assistance to psychologists d. legal restrictions and standards to be used while formulating the guidelines 14. Which of the following are among the five general ethical principles of the APA Ethics Code? (Check all that apply.) a. respect for rights and responsibilities b. beneficence and nonmaleficence c. Insensitivity d. fidelity and responsibility e. Justice f. Integrity g. subjugation and dependence 15. According to the general ethical principle of fidelity and responsibility included in the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code, trust is primarily applicable to ______. a. the intuitions of a researcher b. relationships with legal authorities for researchers c. researchers' relationships with research participants d. The faith of the organization funding the research study 16. In a risk-benefit analysis of a research study, what are the types of benefits that a participant may gain from the research study? (Check all that apply.) a. gaining access to scientific equipment and resources b. being privy to personal details of the other participants in the study c. acquisition of a new skill d. treatment for a psychological or medical problem 17. The principle of beneficence leads us to examine potential risks and benefits that are likely to result from a research study; this is called a(n) ____ ______ analysis Risk benefit 18. Identify the points an informed consent form of a research study typically includes. a. confidentiality of the data collected b. risks and benefits of the study c. procedures that will be used, including time involved d. information about similar research projects and investigations e. journals in which the study will appear 19. In the context of informed consent, which of the following is most likely a threat to autonomy? a. Legality b. Compensation c. Coercion d. confidentiality 20. When is it generally acceptable to withhold information from the participant of a study? (Check all that apply.) a. when the information would not affect the participant's decision to participate in the study b. when the participant is not aware of the practices of informed consent or debriefing c. when there is a debriefing session, after the completion of the study, in which the participant is given the relevant information d. when the researcher is unsure about the validity of the study and its results 21. When minors are asked to participate in a research study, a written consent form signed by a parent or guardian is generally required in addition to agreement by the minor; this agreement by a minor is formally called ______. a. Autonomy b. Grant c. Assent d. a franchise 22. In research, ____ is defined as active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study. Deception 23. True or false: There are research procedures in which getting informed consent from participants is not necessary. True 24. A research procedure would be deemed deceptive if the observers in the study kept which of the following hidden? (Check all that apply.) a. their identity b. their research history c. heir hypothesis d. their purposes 25. ____ is an opportunity for a researcher to deal with issues of withholding information, deception, and potential harmful effects of participation. Debriefing 26. According to HHS regulations, research must be systematic, which means that it a. contains minimal risk and is a frequently used method. b. should be created with the intent to create new knowledge. c. must be purposely and intentionally designed. d. is subject to all three levels of IRB review. 27. Identify an accurate statement about institutional review boards. a. They comprise members only from institutions that receive federal funds. b. They comprise a team of 20 members from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). c. They are local review agencies composed of at least five individuals. d. They comprise two members from the American Psychological Association (APA). 28. Research must be which of the following, according to the federal agencies that regulate IRBs? (Check all that apply.) a. Random b. Systematic c. Generalizable d. Brief e. anonymous 29. Which of the following research activities are considered minimal risk? (Check all that apply.) a. recording routine physiological data from adult participants b. recording participants' reactions to induced psychological stress c. research involving strenuous physical exercise by participants of various fitness levels d. research on individual or group behavior in which the researcher does not manipulate participants' behavior 30. In research, anonymous questionnaires, surveys, and educational tests are all considered ______. a. exempt research b. conceptual research c. minimal research d. inaccurate research 31. Researchers planning to conduct an investigation are required to submit an application to an Institutional Review Board (IRB). Which of the following are included in the application? (Check all that apply.) a. procedures for maximizing risks b. procedures for maintaining confidentiality c. description of participants' behaviors d. description of risks and benefits e. the exact wording of the informed consent form 32. The type of research activity in which the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests is referred to as ____ ______research. Minimal risk 33. What type of review is required for research that is minimal risk research but does not match the exempt research categories? a. limited review b. full board review c. expedited review d. debriefing review 34. Studies that might be subject to ______ review are those that include benign behavioral interventions for which sensitive data are collected from adult participants under the circumstance where participants would need to be identified. a. Exempt b. Minimal c. Limited d. full 35. Which of the following is most likely to happen if the IRB approves of most aspects of a research proposal but has problems with the proposed informed consent procedure? a. The IRB will request a change in the method. b. The IRB will reject the proposal for not having full compliance. c. The IRB will note it as an issue and take it up upon review after the research has begun. d. The IRB will solicit proposals from other researchers to perform the research. 36. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be given expedited review by the IRB? a. taking of biological specimens b. observation of public behavior c. research on individual or group characteristics or behavior d. physical measures like heart rate, muscle tension, and blood pressure 37. Which of the following is true of limited review of minimal risk research? a. It only involves research that does not include sensitive data. b. It is usually done by one member of the IRB. c. It is exempt from the review requirements of federal regulations. d. It is more time-consuming than a full IRB review. 38. Which of the following is charged with reviewing animal research procedures and ensuring that all regulations are adhered to? a. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) b. Institutional Review Board (IRB) c. American Veterinary Research Board d. Government Accountability Committee 39. An Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is composed of ______. a. only scientists who conduct the research study b. at least one scientist, one veterinarian, and a community member c. members of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) and two veterinarians d. four veterinarians, one legal diplomat, and a member of the American Psychological Association (APA) 40. True or false: If one cannot replicate the results of a study, it indicates deliberate fraud. False