Chapter 11 The Humanistic Approach Theory, Application, and Assessment

Chapter 11 The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment 1. Emphasis on _________ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic psychology. A. B. C. D. civil rights laboratory rats communism individuality ANS: D REF: 277 2. Which of the following concepts from existential philosophy influenced the development of the humanistic approach to personality? A. B. C. D. An emphasis on choosing and developing your own lifestyle Person-centered psychotherapy Hierarchy of needs Self-actualization ANS: A REF: 278 3. The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to A. B. C. D. behaviorism. existential philosophy. the trait approach to personality. the psychoanalytic approach to personality. ANS: B 4. REF: 278 For Abraham Maslow, the turning point in his thinking about human personality came while he was A. B. C. D. watching a World War II parade. listening to a lecture on psychoanalysis. wondering about the best techniques for therapy. playing in a football game in college. ANS: A REF: 278 5. The “third force” in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the 1 A. B. C. D. psychoanalytic and trait approaches. psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches. trait and behaviorism approaches. psychoanalytic and social learning approaches. ANS: B 6. A woman tells a humanistic psychotherapist that she wants to leave an unhappy relationship, but that she can’t. The therapist will probably set as a goal that the woman comes to understand that A. B. C. D. she must live in the “here and now.” there is a good part to everyone, even the man she is having trouble with now. she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship. when she gets in touch with who she really is and drops her defenses, many of her relationship problems will also end. ANS: C 7. REF: 277 REF: 279 Each of the following is an element of humanistic psychology except one. Which one? A. B. C. D. Personal responsibility Fully functioning persons Personal growth Identity crisis ANS: D REF: 279 8. WWW According to the humanistic approach, people will be happy when A. B. C. D. their immediate needs, such as money and shelter, are met. they establish meaningful personal relationships. their lives are free from problems. they move toward becoming fully functioning. ANS: D REF: 280 9. Which of the following is true about Carl Rogers’ background? A. He entered his undergraduate education eager for a career in psychology. B. Before entering psychology, Rogers planned a career as a minister. C. The interpersonal warmth characteristic of Rogers’ psychotherapy sessions was modeled by his parents as he grew up. D. Rogers studied with the great existential philosophers in Europe. ANS: B 10. REF: 282 Which of the following concepts is generally accepted by advocates of the humanistic approach to psychology? A. No one can know a client in therapy better than the client himself or herself. B. It is the therapist’s job to explain to the client the new goals the client must set for himor herself. 2 C. People should spend more time thinking about the future and planning the directions of their lives. D. People need to see how their past sets the course for where their lives are going. ANS: A REF: 280 11. According to Rogers, fully functioning people A. B. C. D. are more aware of societal norms and more likely to conform to society's standards. put society's needs ahead of their own personal needs and interests. are less likely to conform to societal demands than are most people. are not concerned with rebellion and so are unlikely to act in nonconforming ways. ANS: C 12. REF: 281 WWW Which of the following is a characteristic of the fully functioning person, according to the psychology of Carl Rogers? A. B. C. D. They are open to their experiences. They trust their own feelings. They pay attention to what is happening in the here and now. All of the above ANS: D REF: 282-283 13. Which of the following is correct about subception, as described by Rogers? A. B. C. D. It is the most common defense process. It only happens in people who are fully functioning. It takes place at a level somewhere below consciousness. It results in an increase in anxiety. ANS: C 14. REF: 283 According to Rogers, subception allows us to A. B. C. D. avoid awareness of threatening information. move toward self-actualization. bring our real and ideal selves closer together. come to see ourselves as we really are. ANS: A REF: 283 15. A man thinks of himself as an outstanding athlete. One day, he watches some tennis players at his athletic club who are considerably better than he is. This information is threatening to his self-concept. Because the man is not fully functioning, Rogers might have expected him to do one of the following except one. Which one? A. B. C. D. Experience anxiety Reinterpret what he has seen to make it less threatening Deny that the men are good tennis players Accept that there are better tennis players than himself 3 ANS: D REF: 283 16. According to Rogers, what is the most common defense process? A. B. C. D. Subception Distortion Denial Repression ANS: B 17. According to Rogers, what are the consequences of using distortion and denial? A. B. C. D. Anxiety increases with either distortion or denial. The person will become less able to experience life fully. Distortion increases anxiety, but denial reduces it. Some distortion is good for functioning, but denial never is. ANS: B 18. Disorganization Conditional positive regard Subception Anxiety ANS: B “Hitting your sister is wrong. You are a bad boy.” “You need another way to express your feelings.” “I love you, but I do not like it when you hit your sister.” “You will be punished if you do that again.” ANS: C REF: 284 A father tells his son that he loves him when the child is good, but says “I do not like you right now” when the child misbehaves. The father is engaging in A. B. C. D. denial. conditional positive regard. classical conditioning. an anxiety-reduction technique. ANS: B 21. REF: 284 A boy hits his younger sister. What might a Rogerian therapist recommend the parents say to the child? A. B. C. D. 20. REF: 284 Which of the following does Rogers blame for our inability to incorporate new information into our self-concepts? A. B. C. D. 19. REF: 283 REF: 285 According to Maslow, which of the following is true about deficiency motives? A. They affect behavior after most of the lower motives on the hierarchy of needs have 4 been satisfied. B. They result from the lack of a needed object. C. They continue to grow even after the target object has been found. D. They cannot be satisfied until the growth needs are satisfied. ANS: B 22. REF: 286 According to Maslow, the motive that results from a lack of some object is called a __________ motive. A. B. C. D. hierarchy possession envy deficiency ANS: D REF: 286 23. According to Maslow, an adult is likely to take care of which of the following needs first? A. B. C. D. A steady income A romantic relationship Discovering one’s true potential Obtaining the respect of one’s peers ANS: A REF: 287 24. Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow’s background? A. B. C. D. He had a happy childhood. He was drawn to psychology by his interest in behaviorism. His writings were not well received by professional psychologists until after his death. He worked closely with Carl Rogers. ANS: B 25. Adlai Stevenson once said, “A hungry man is not a free man.” What feature of the humanistic approach to personality does this reflect? A. B. C. D. The emphasis on personal responsibility and free will Rogers’ fully functioning person Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Maslow’s description of psychologically healthy people ANS: C 26. REF: 287 REF: 286-288 After a woman has more or less satisfied all of the needs on Maslow’s hierarchy except the last one, what need will now have a strong influence on her behavior? A. B. C. D. The need to perceive herself as competent and achieving The need to experience nonpossessive, unselfish love (B-love) The need to develop her full potential, to be her true self The need for self-respect 5 ANS: C 27. REF: 289 According to Maslow, a man who has satisfied his physiological and safety needs will probably become highly aware of his need for A. B. C. D. friends and a romantic relationship self-respect respect from his peers self-actualization ANS: A REF: 289 28. Which of the following is true about Maslow’s need hierarchy? A. B. C. D. Lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before we turn to higher-level needs. Most people eventually satisfy their need for self-actualization. The order in which needs varies from culture to culture. The way people satisfy a particular need varies across cultures. ANS: D REF: 290 29. WWW There are many common misconceptions of Maslow’s need hierarchy. Among them is the assumption that A. our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs. B. how well our lower needs are satisfied determines how much those needs influence our behavior. C. all needs are included at some level in the need hierarchy. D. all cultures have the same basic need hierarchy. ANS: A REF: 289 30. Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as “psychologically healthy”? A. B. C. D. They have many friends. They are the only ones who have “peak experiences.” They tend to be creative. They are unconcerned with what others think of them. ANS: C 31. REF: 292 Among the many characteristics of self-actualized people, they tend to A. B. C. D. be more spontaneous. ignore their own weaknesses and focus on their personal strengths. show higher acceptance of other people for who they are. be more greatly inhibited in their social interactions. ANS: A REF: 292 32. Which of the following is true about peak experiences, as described by Maslow? 6 A. B. C. D. All self-actualized people experience them. Only self-actualized people experience them. They are unrelated to where one is on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others. ANS: D REF: 292 33. Each of the following has been identified as a component of optimal experience except one. Which one? A. B. C. D. Our attention is completely absorbed in the activity. We experience a loss of self-consciousness. People around us recognize and respect our accomplishments. We lose a sense of time. ANS: C 34. REF: 293 WWW When Csikszentmihalyi asked people to identify a moment when they felt most alive, participants in his study said that A. B. C. D. they were engaged in a challenging task. the task demanded the person’s full concentration. each step in the task seemed to flow automatically to the next. all of the above ANS: D REF: 293 35. Research suggests that people are most likely to have flow experiences when they A. B. C. D. work at something that has no clear goal. relax and do something that is not very taxing. are in their leisure time. are working at their jobs. ANS: D REF: 293 36. All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one? A. B. C. D. One can concentrate only on the task at hand. Satisfaction is received from a task. The activity has clear goals. Attention is absorbed by the activity. ANS: B 37. REF: 294 Flow experiences are more likely to happen A. B. C. D. when people are at work. when listening to music. when people are away from work. during sexual intimacy. 7 ANS: D REF: 295 38. According to Rogers, the therapist’s job is to A. B. C. D. identify the client’s problems for him or her. teach the client what it means to be fully functioning. modify the client’s self-destructive behaviors. provide an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves. ANS: D REF: 296 39. According to Rogers, clients are able to overcome defenses and accept experiences that have been denied and distorted when they A. B. C. D. experience conditional positive regard. experience unconditional positive regard. think about what they are saying to the therapist. have a good self-concept. ANS: B 40. anxiety plays a role in psychological disorders. people use defenses to reduce anxiety. a psychotherapist should explain to a client what the client really means. people are influenced by mental processes of which they are not aware. ANS: C REF: 297 Which of the following is a Rogerian psychotherapist likely to use during therapy? A. B. C. D. Conditional positive regard Rephrasing and reflecting clients’ words back to them Dream interpretation Conditions of worth ANS: B 42. REF: 297 Rogers and Freud provide distinctly opposite answers to the question of whether or not A. B. C. D. 41. WWW REF: 297 Rogers recommended that therapists use a process of reflection. By this, he meant that they should A. give clients some quiet time to think about what they are saying. B. repeat clients’ words back to them verbatim so they can hear exactly what they sound like when spoken. C. explain to clients how they are distorting or denying their experiences. D. rephrase and translate vague feelings expressed by clients into more precise words. ANS: D REF: 297 43. According to Rogers, there is a proper therapeutic relationship between therapist and client to achieve success. This relationship includes which of the following? 8 A. B. C. D. Repetitive peak experiences Unconscious impulses being revealed Unconditional positive regard Humanistic transference ANS: C 44. Recent studies of psychotherapists have shown that A. B. C. D. most do not use a humanistic approach. many report including aspects of person-centered therapy in their work. the usefulness of humanistic psychotherapy is questionable. the effectiveness of the humanistic approach is only temporary. ANS: B 45. peak experience one’s career self-actualized creativity psychotherapy ANS: B REF: 299 “Eupsychian management” refers to A. B. C. D. the way a psychotherapist controls the direction of therapy. how well a person manages all of the different aspects of his or her life. rearranging an organization to help employees satisfy higher-level needs. taking responsibility for one’s life. ANS: C 47. REF: 298 Maslow wrote that __________ was one of the most important means of self-fulfillment, as important as finding one’s mate. A. B. C. D. 46. REF: 297 REF: 299 Rogerian therapists measure each of the following with the Q-Sort technique except one. Which one? A. B. C. D. The client’s self-concept The client’s ideal self The client’s progress during the course of psychotherapy The client’s ability to see things in a realistic manner ANS: D REF: 300 48. You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile with a Q-Sort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning? A. B. C. D. –.60 .00 .30 .60 9 ANS: D REF: 301-302 49. As a client becomes more fully functioning during the course of several psychotherapy sessions, we would expect the correlation between his or her real and ideal selves to A. B. C. D. decrease. stay the same. increase. do any of the above, for the correlation is unrelated to progress in therapy. ANS: C 50. REF: 302 The use of the Q-Sort technique of personality assessment fits nicely with Rogers’s theory of personality because A. B. C. D. clients know themselves best. therapists must help clients place the cards into the correct categories. clients discover the unrealistic ways in which they see themselves. clients must be told how to behave more appropriately by their therapist. ANS: A REF: 301 51. A Rogerian therapist expects each of the following except one might happen if progress is being made during psychotherapy. Which one? A. The client no longer needs to feel valued by the therapist regardless of what he or she says. B. The client's ideal self will change to be more like the real self. C. The client's real self will change to be more like the ideal self. D. The client will begin to accept parts of him- or herself that previously had been denied or distorted. ANS: A REF: 303 52. Each of the following except one has been identified as a strength of the humanistic approach. Which one? A. B. C. D. Clearly defined concepts Focus on the healthy side of personality Impact on psychotherapy practices Influence in disciplines other than psychology ANS: A REF: 304 53. By using Google search for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, researchers found A. B. C. D. very few website hits. as many website hits for Maslow as they did for Freud. more internet images of the need pyramid than of the Mona Lisa. all of the above ANS: C REF: 304 10 54. All but which of the following has been a criticism of the humanistic approach? A. B. C. D. “Free will” may not be a scientific explanation for behavior. Many key concepts are poorly defined. Few psychotherapists have been influenced by the humanistic approach. The humanistic approach makes some overly naive assumptions about human nature. ANS: C 55. Statistical determinism refers to which of the following? A. B. C. D. the idea that statistical findings are most conclusive the perspective that researchers can predict the likelihood of specific actions deciding the correct statistical test for studies of self-actualization people are not really free to make choices because they do not know the most likely causes of their choice. ANS: B 56. REF: 304-305 REF: 305 Discuss the basic tenets of Carl Rogers’s humanistic approach to personality. Discuss where anxiety comes from according to Rogers, including the defenses that he suggested we use against anxiety. Describe Rogers’s characterization of the fully functioning person. REF: 281-286 57. Describe how Maslow went about studying psychologically healthy people. List each of the characteristics of the self-actualized individual he found and define what he meant by peak experience. List and define each of the five levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, giving your own example of a need at each level. REF: 286-290 58. Identify an optimal experience you have had. List the eight components of optimal experiences and discuss whether each one was present in yours. REF: 293-294 59. Describe your understanding of the therapeutic situation in person-centered therapy. What is the therapist’s job, and what are the key elements and techniques Rogers used? Give one way this approach to psychotherapy is successful. REF: 296-298 60. According to Carl Rogers, individuals progress toward an ultimate satisfying state of being self-actualized. ANS: FALSE 61. REF: 281 The most common defense, according to Rogers, is the process of distortion. ANS: TRUE REF: 283 11 62. Maslow believed very few people reach self-actualization, which is the point at which their potential is fully developed. ANS: TRUE REF: 289 63. People report that during optimal experiences they feel as if they are caught in natural and effortless movement from one step to the next. ANS: TRUE REF: 293 64. In a correlational analysis of Q-Sort responses, a zero correlation indicates that the client’s real and ideal selves are highly related. ANS: FALSE REF: 301-302 12