Chapter 8 Memory Part 3

93. A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) Hotaka can vividly recall the devastating experience of barely surviving the tsunami that took the lives of many others. It is likely 94. that the stress of that experience provoked the ________ to boost activity in the memoryforming areas of his brain. hypothalamus cerebellum thalamus amygdala 95. A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) The amygdala boosts activity in the brain's memory-forming areas when stimulated by the basal ganglia. the cerebellum. stress hormones. propranolol. Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called implicit memories. flashbulb memories. mood-congruent memories. procedural memories. A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and 96. what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory. implicit state-dependent procedural flashbulb A) B) C) D) When learning occurs through classical 97. conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ________ at certain synapses. serotonin propranolol insulin LTP 98. A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) A) B) C) The receptor sites of receiving neurons have been observed to increase following priming. the serial position effect. long-term potentiation. administration of propranolol. Which of the following provides a neural 99. basis for learning and remembering conditioned associations? the serial position effect long-term potentiation encoding specificity priming 100. Long-term potentiation refers to the impact of effortful processing on retention. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. an increase in a neuron's firing potential. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. A baseball strikes Ashley in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The 101. physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Ashley's flashbulb memories. long-term memories. procedural memories. D) very recent memories. A) B) C) D) Mice could not learn their way out of a maze 102. if they could not produce an enzyme needed for ECT. the serial position effect. producing propranolol. long-term potentiation. A) B) C) D) One approach to improving memory involves 103. the administration of drugs that boost the LTP-enhancing neurotransmitter glutamate. propranolol. GABA. epinephrine. 104. A) B) C) D) Individuals who received ________ for 10 days following a traumatic experience subsequently showed fewer signs of a stress disorder. propranolol glutamate LTP CREB A) B) C) D) The temporary release of serotonin has been found to ________ memory formation, and 105. the temporary release of stress hormones has been found to ________ memory formation. disrupt; facilitate facilitate; disrupt disrupt; disrupt facilitate; facilitate A) 106. A stimulus linked to a specific memory is a(n) memory trace. B) C) D) implicit memory. retrieval cue. LTP. 107. A) B) C) D) 108. A) B) C) D) 109. A) B) C) D) 110. A) B) C) D) The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful LTP. retrieval cue. implicit memory. memory trace. Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to long-term potentiation. memory consolidation. priming. the serial position effect. The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called procedural memory. LTP. priming. the serial position effect. Effective retrieval cues trigger the process known as LTP. memory consolidation. the serial position effect. priming. Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous 111. adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of A) B) C) D) priming. long-term potentiation. infantile amnesia. state-dependent memory. A) B) C) D) Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some past experiences with a high 112. school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of priming. memory consolidation. automatic processing. the serial position effect. A) B) C) D) In one study, people primed with words or images involving money expressed ________ 113. support for free market capitalism and ________ support for social inequality. less; more more; less less, less more; more A) B) C) D) Words heard underwater are later better 114. recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates automatic processing. flashbulb memory. the serial position effect. context-dependent memory. 115. A) B) C) The idea that cues and contexts associated with the acquisition of a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall that memory is known as long-term potentiation. the encoding specificity principle. the serial position effect. D) memory consolidation. 116. A) B) C) D) Julie most accurately recalls information learned in her history classroom when her recall is tested in the very same classroom. This best illustrates the serial position effect. the encoding specificity principle. memory consolidation. flashbulb memory. A) B) C) D) Context-dependent memory best illustrates 117. that the specific location in which we learned something often provides us with effective long-term potentiation. implicit memories. serial position effects. retrieval cues. A) B) C) D) What we learn under the influence of a drug may be more easily recalled when we are 118. once again under the influence of that same drug. This best illustrates the serial position effect. implicit memory. state-dependent memory. long-term potentiation. A) B) C) D) Information learned while a person is 119. ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. sad; happy drunk; sober angry; calm drunk; drunk 120. Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of A) B) C) D) A) B) C) D) encoding. storage. retrieval. memory consolidation. Lars was feeling depressed at the time of his high school graduation. Lars is especially 121. likely to recall his high school graduation when he is depressed. happy. relaxed. unemotional. 122. A) B) C) D) Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates implicit memory. infantile amnesia. the serial position effect. mood-congruent memory. A) B) C) D) The serial position effect refers to the 123. tendency to recall best the ________ items in a list. first first and last middle middle and last A) B) C) On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from 124. the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items at the beginning of the list. at the end of the list. in the middle of the list. D) at the beginning and in the middle of the list. A) B) C) D) Your relative success in recalling a dozen 125. different names a week after you heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate implicit memory. a recency effect. flashbulb memory. a primacy effect. A) B) C) D) 126. The inability to form new memories is called repression. anterograde amnesia. the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. A) B) C) D) Although Maria can encode and consciously recall new information, she is unable to consciously recall events that happened prior 127. to the brain damage that she suffered as an adolescent. Maria's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates retrograde amnesia. proactive interference. anterograde amnesia. retroactive interference. A) B) C) D) Jimmy was a patient with anterograde amnesia triggered by brain damage in 1945. 128. Jimmy lost his ability to form new ________ memories but his ability for ________ remained intact. implicit; effortful processing explicit; effortful processing implicit; automatic processing explicit; automatic processing A) B) C) D) learned how to spot hard to find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious 129. awareness that they can do so. This best illustrates their retention of ________ memories. explicit implicit retroactive working 130. A) B) C) D) Much of what we sense we never notice. This most clearly leads to proactive interference. storage decay. repressed memories. encoding failure. A) B) C) D) Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of proactive interference. encoding failure. retroactive interference. source amnesia. A) B) C) D) Nancy was daydreaming about her college plans during a boring lecture on the history of computers. She doesn't remember that ENIAC 132. was the first functioning digital computer because she wasn't paying attention. Nancy's poor memory is best explained in terms of interference. encoding failure. storage decay. source amnesia. 131. A) B) C) D) Although Arturo has looked at his watch thousands of times, he is unable to recall 133. whether the watch features Arabic or Roman numerals. This is most likely because of a failure in encoding. storage. retrieval. implicit memory. 134. A) B) C) D) Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve most clearly indicates that our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. short-term memory fades more rapidly than sensory memory. prior learning disrupts the recall of new information. the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned. A) B) C) D) Harry Bahrick observed that three years after people completed a Spanish course, they had 135. forgotten much of the vocabulary they had learned. This finding indicates that information is lost while it is encoded. rehearsed. retrieved. in storage. A) B) C) D) Many interesting details of Gwenda's once vivid childhood memories have been lost 136. because her memory trace has faded over the decades of her adult life. Her memory loss most clearly illustrates anterograde amnesia. encoding failure. repression. storage decay. 137. A) B) C) D) An inability to access information in longterm memory is known as storage decay. effortful processing. the misinformation effect. retrieval failure. A) B) C) D) The tip-of-the-tongue forgetting experienced by older adults can best be explained in terms of the greater difficulty older people have with automatic processing. repression. positive transfer. retrieval. A) B) C) D) When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to 139. remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. storage encoding retrieval rehearsal A) B) C) D) Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of Spain, he quickly and 140. correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in Spain. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in implicit memory. storage. encoding. retrieval. 138.