Psychological Disorders Answer Part 3

74. Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD, it is also likely to lead to A) phobias. B) stimulus generalization. C) arachnophobia. D) increased personal strength. Ans: D 75. The capacity to recover from traumatic stressful experiences best illustrates survivor A) tolerance. B) resiliency. C) obsessions. D) compulsions. Ans: B 76. Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and savor the joy of each new day best illustrate A) stimulus generalization. B) epigenetics. C) posttraumatic growth. D) hypervigilance. Ans: C 77. A therapist claims that Luke's irrational fear of snakes results from repressed childhood feelings of hostility toward his own father. The therapist's interpretation reflects a ________ perspective. A) biopsychosocial B) psychoanalytic C) biological D) learning Ans: B 78. Dogs come to fear neutral stimuli associated with shock. This best illustrates A) epigenetics. B) posttraumatic growth. C) survivor resiliency. D) conditioning. Ans: D Page 18 79. As infants become mobile and experience falls, they become increasingly afraid of heights. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on fear. A) epigenetics B) observational learning C) conditioning D) repression Ans: C 80. A therapist suggests that Mr. Ozawa's fear of darkness can probably be traced back to his early childhood when he was occasionally beaten and locked up in a small, dark closet by an older brother. The therapist's suggestion most clearly reflects ________ perspective. A) learning B) psychoanalytic C) genetic D) biological Ans: A 81. A rape victim may experience a panic attack when she sees anyone wearing a coat that resembles the one worn by her attacker. This reaction best illustrates the process of A) observational learning. B) reinforcement. C) stimulus generalization. D) epigenetics. Ans: C 82. The process of reinforcement leads those with obsessive-compulsive disorder to frequently repeat their compulsive behaviors. This is an example of A) the biological perspective. B) epigenetics. C) conditioning. D) genetics. Ans: C Page 19 83. Those who emphasize the ways in which people learn disordered behavior have suggested that compulsive behaviors are A) habitual defenses against unconscious impulses. B) reinforced by anxiety reduction. C) conditioned habits. D) unconditioned responses to stress. Ans: B 84. A therapist suggests that Mr. Broshi continues to bite his fingernails because this behavior often reduced his feelings of anxiety in the past. The therapist's suggestion most clearly an example of A) the biological perspective. B) genetics. C) epigenetics. D) reinforcement. Ans: D 85. A learning theory would emphasize that ________ leads those with an obsessivecompulsive disorder to frequently repeat their compulsive behaviors. A) genetics B) a repressed memory C) reinforcement D) epigenetics Ans: C 86. Warren is obsessed with thoughts of being harmed and feels compelled to repeatedly check and recheck the already locked doors and windows of his house. A therapist suggests that his compulsive checking has become so persistent because it temporarily relieves his anxiety. This suggestion highlights the impact of ________ on Warren's compulsive behavior. A) epigenetics B) observational learning C) reinforcement D) stimulus generalization Ans: C Page 20 87. After lab-reared monkeys saw their parents fearfully avoid reaching for food located near a snake, the younger monkeys developed a strong fear of snakes. The younger monkeys' fear of snakes best illustrated the impact of A) conditioning. B) learning through observation. C) repression. D) epigenetics. Ans: B 88. After watching her sister's fearful response to the sight of a spider, Kerri became intensely fearful of spiders. This best illustrates that a specific phobia can be learned through A) reinforcement. B) stimulus generalization. C) epigenetics. D) observational learning. Ans: D 89. Alex misinterpreted the heart palpitations that accompanied his panic attack as indicative of heart disease and so became unnecessarily hypervigilant to any potentially stressful events. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in anxiety disorders. A) repression B) cognitive processes C) observation D) genetics Ans: B 90. Research indicates that A) some people are more genetically predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD. B) generalized anxiety disorder is more common than specific phobia. C) people, but not animals, may acquire fear through observational learning. D) phobic reactions to cats are much more common than to dogs. Ans: A Page 21 91. Some genes influence anxiety disorders by regulating levels of neurotransmitters such as ________, which influences activity in the brain's alarm center. A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) serotonin D) glutamate Ans: D 92. According to Professor Kang, fear responses pave neural pathways that are more readily activated by later anxiety-producing experiences. The professor's suggestion most directly reflects a ________ perspective. A) genetic B) biological C) learning D) psychoanalytic Ans: B 93. Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain by creating fear circuits within the A) amygdala. B) thalamus. C) hypothalamus. D) anterior cingulate cortex. Ans: A 94. It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective. A) learning B) psychoanalytic C) biological D) epigenetic Ans: C Page 22 95. Although World War II air raids were extremely traumatic for those who experienced them, few of these people developed lasting phobic reactions to overhead planes. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective. A) learning B) psychoanalytic C) biological D) psychological Ans: C 96. Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes are called A) obsessive-compulsive disorders. B) explanatory styles. C) rumination. D) mood disorders. Ans: D 97. Which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder? A) learned helplessness B) bipolar disorder C) negative explanatory styles D) self-defeating beliefs Ans: B 98. Feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with A) mania. B) major depressive disorder. C) panic disorder. D) phobias. Ans: B 99. According to the DSM-5, one of the five major symptoms of major depressive disorder is A) problems thinking, concentrating, and making decisions. B) frequent or unexpected panic attacks. C) high levels of energy. D) ability to complete routine tasks involved in daily living easily. Ans: A Page 23 100. Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least A) one week. B) two weeks. C) two months. D) four months. Ans: B 101. Norby, an 18-year-old first-year university student, has missed almost all his classes during the past month. He spends most of his time in his bedroom, frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals. He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit. Norby is most likely suffering from A) major depressive disorder. B) mania. C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. D) persistent depressive disorder. Ans: A 102. Over the last three months, Regina's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Regina says that she feels worthless and completely detached from people, and she has even thought about killing herself. Regina's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from A) mania. B) persistent depressive disorder. C) major depressive disorder. D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Ans: C 103. Jamal has worked as a grocery store clerk for the last 10 years but hates his job. While he performs his job adequately, his self-esteem is low and he feels trapped. Overall Jamal does not enjoy life and has been this way for years. Jamal's symptoms indicate A) mania. B) persistent depressive disorder. C) major depressive disorder. D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Ans: B Page 24 104. People with ________ experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years. A) mania B) persistent depressive disorder C) major depressive disorder D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Ans: B 105. Mania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering A) major depressive disorder. B) bipolar disorder. C) learned helplessness. D) persistent depressive disorder. Ans: B 106. Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings of A) guilt. B) fear. C) elation. D) indifference. Ans: C 107. Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by A) a low grade but persistent depression. B) flashbacks of a past trauma. C) a single manic episode with no history of depression. D) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism. Ans: D 108. After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of A) major depressive disorder. B) persistent depressive disorder. C) bipolar disorder. D) learned helplessness. Ans: C Page 25 109. Compared with those whose occupations require precision and logic, those whose occupations rely on emotional expression and vivid imagery are more likely to experience A) learned helplessness. B) bipolar disorder. C) persistent depressive disorder. D) major depressive disorder. Ans: B 110. Changes in the DSM-5 will likely reduce the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with A) phobias. B) persistent depressive disorder. C) bipolar disorder. D) major depressive disorder. Ans: C 111. Thirteen-year-old Jason has mood swings in which he alternates between depression and uncontrollable behavior, often interrupting class and acting aggressively toward his classmates. According to the DSM-5, Jason is likely to be diagnosed with A) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. B) major depressive disorder. C) persistent mood disorder. D) mania. Ans: A 112. Every October, as the leaves begin to fall, Jasmine suddenly begins to feel hopeless, sad, and lethargic. These feelings last until March, when flowers start to bloom and trees take on the glorious green of spring. Jasmine is most likely suffering from A) learned helplessness. B) a negative explanatory style. C) a seasonal pattern of symptoms. D) dysthymia. Ans: C Page 26