Behavioral Sciences 6 Identity and Personality

Behavioral Sciences 6: Identity and Personality Self-Concept & Identity Personality Self-Concept: The sum of ways we describe ourselves. Identities: Individual components of our self-concept related to the group to which we belong. Self-Esteem: The closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self (who others want us to be), the ! our self-esteem. Self-Efficacy: The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or situation. Learned Helplessness: A state of hopelessness that results from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli. Locus of Control: Internal: We control our own success/failure External: Outside factors have more control Formation of Identity Freud: Psychosexual stages of personality development based on tensions caused by the libido. Failure at any stage leads to fixation which causes personality disorder. 0 ® 1 Oral 1 ® 3 Anal 3 ® 6 Phallic 6 puberty Latent Puberty Adult Genital Erikson: Stages stem from conflicts throughout life. 0®1 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 1®3 2. Autonomy vs. Shame 3®6 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 6 ® 12 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 12 ® 20 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 20 ® 40 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 40 ® 65 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 65 ® death 8. Integrity vs. Despair Kohlberg: Stages based on moral dilemmas. 6 stages in 3 phases. Example: Mr. Heinz dilemma. Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development: The skills that a child has not yet mastered and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish. Imitation & Common ways children learn from others. Role-Taking Reference Group: The group to which we compare ourselves. Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development Post-conventional “Just because the law says to do it doesn’t mean it is ethical!” Conventional “You need to drive slower because the law says so!” Pre-conventional “I must share this toy because if I don’t, then I will get in trouble.” Psychoanalytic Personality results from unconscious urges & desires. Perspective: Freud, Jung, Adler, and Horney. Freud’s Theory: Id: Base urges of survival and reproduction. Superego: The idealist and perfectionist. Ego: Mediator between the two and the conscious mind. The ego uses defense mechanisms to ¯stress. All three operate, at least in part, in the unconscious. Jung: Collective unconscious links all humans together. Personality is influenced by archetypes. Adler & Horney: Unconscious is motivated by social urges. Humanistic Emphasizes the internal feelings of healthy individuals as Perspective: they strive for happiness and self-realization. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’s unconditional positive regard flow from the humanistic view of personality. Type & Trait Personality can be described by identifiable traits that Theory: carry characteristic behaviors. Type Theories: Ancient Greek humors, Sheldon’s somatotypes, divisions into Type A and Type B, and Myers-Briggs Type Inventory. Trait Theories: PEN: Psychoticism (nonconformity), extraversion (sociable), neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations). Big Five: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. OCEAN mnemonic. 3 Basic Traits: Cardinal traits (traits around which a person organizes their life), central traits (major characteristics of personality), secondary traits (more personal characteristics and limited in occurrence). Social Individuals react with their environment in a cycle called Cognitive reciprocal determinism. People mold their environments Perspective: according to their personality, and those environments in turn shape their thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Behaviorist Our personality develops as a result of operant Perspective: conditioning. E.g. it is reward and punishment based. Biological Behavior can be explained as a result of genetic Perspective: expression.