Chapter 4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy

4/5/21 1 Chapter 4 Socioemotional Development in Infancy 2 Chapter Outline • Emotional and personality development • Social orientation/understanding and attachment • Social contexts 3 Emotional and Personality Development • Emotional development • Temperament • Personality development 4 Emotional Development 1 Emotion: feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to self and well-being • Characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced • Classified as positive or negative • Plays important role in • Communication with others • Behavioral organization 5 Emotional Development 2 • Emotions influence infants’ social responses and adaptive behaviors as they interact with others in their world. • Infants communicate important aspects of their lives through joy, sadness, interest, and fear. 6 Emotional Development 3 Biological, cognitive, and environmental influences • Certain brain regions play a role in emotions. • Cognitive processes influence infants’ and children’s emotional development. • Children learn cognitive strategies to control emotions and emotional arousal. • Emotion-linked interchanges • Provide the foundation for infant’s developing attachment to the parent 1 4/5/21 • Social relationships • Provide settings to develop rich variety of emotions • Relationships and culture provide diversity in emotional experiences. 7 Emotional Development 4 1 (Top left) ©Kozak_O_O/Shutterstock (top right); ©McGraw Hill Companies/Jill Braaten, Photographer; (bottom left) ©Stanislav Photographer/Shutterstock; (bottom right) ©Stockbyte/Getty Images 2 Early emotions • Primary emotions: present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life • Self-conscious emotions: require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me” 8 9 Emotional Development 5 Emotional expression and social relationships • Crying • Basic cry: Rhythmic pattern usually consisting of • A cry • Briefer silence • Shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry • Brief rest before the next cry • Anger cry: variation of the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords • Pain cry: sudden long, loud cry followed by breath holding Emotional Development 6 1 Smiling • Reflexive smile: smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli • Social smile: in response to an external stimulus 2 Fear • Stranger anxiety: fear and wariness of strangers, appears during the second half of the first year of life • Separation protest: distressed crying when the caregiver leaves 10 Emotional Development 7 1 Infants with negative temperaments have fewer regulation 2 4/5/21 strategies. Depressed mothers rock and touch their crying infants less. 2 Emotional regulation and coping Infants develop ability to inhibit, or minimize, the intensity and duration of emotional reactions Caregivers’ actions and contexts influence emotional regulation. • Soothing a crying infant helps infant develop an adaptive emotion regulation, a sense of trust and secure attachment to caregiver 11 12 Temperament 1 Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding • Describing and classifying temperament • Chess and Thomas’ classification • Easy child: Generally in a positive mood • Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy • Adapts easily to new experiences • Difficult child: Reacts negatively and cries frequently • Engages in irregular daily routines • Slow to accept change • Slow-to-warm-up child: Low activity level • Somewhat negative • Displays a low intensity of mood Temperament 2 1 Kagan’s behavioral inhibition • Shy, subdued, timid child • Children who are behaviorally inhibited as their parents were, are at risk for developing anxiety disorders. 2 Rothbart and Bates’ classification • Extraversion/surgency indicated by activity, laughter • Negative affectivity indicated by sadness, discomfort • Effortful control important indicator for self-regulation 13 Personality Development 1 1 Biological foundations and experience • Biological influences •Contemporary view: temperament is a biologically-based but evolving aspect of behavior 3 4/5/21 2 Gender, culture, and temperament • Parents may react differently to an infant’s temperament depending on gender. • Cultural differences in temperament were linked to parent attitude and behaviors. • Goodness of fit: match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope 14 Personality Development 2 1 Independence • Erikson’s second stage of development, autonomy versus shame and doubt 2 Trust • According to Erikson, the first year is characterized by trustversus-mistrust and can arise at successive stages of development. 3 Developing sense of self • Self-recognition develops by 18 months of age. 15 Developing a Sense of Self ©Digital Vision/Getty Images 16 Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment • Social orientation/understanding • Attachment and its development • Individual differences in attachment • Caregiving styles and attachment • Developmental social neuroscience and attachment 17 Social Orientation/Understanding 1 Meaningful Interactions with Others • By 11 months old, babies understand others and make appropriate social responses, the cognitive foundation for being social • Social referencing: reading others’ emotional cues to understand how to act. 2 Social orientation • Face-to-face play starts at 2 to 3 months old. • Still-face paradigm: caregiver alternates between engaging in face-to-face interaction with the infant and remaining still and unresponsive 4 4/5/21 • Still-face paradigm leads to infant being withdrawn and having negative emotions, which predicts later secure and insecure attachment. 3 Locomotion • 7 to 8 month old babies push for independence, rewarded for goaldirected pursuits 18 Contact Time with Wire and Cloth Surrogate Mothers © Martin Rogers/The Image Bank/Getty Images 19 Attachment and Its Development 1 Attachment: close emotional bond between two people • Freud: infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction • Harlow: contact comfort preferred over food • Erikson: trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive care 20 Attachment and Its Development 2 1 Bowlby: Four phases of attachment • Phase 1: from birth to 2 months • Infants direct their attachment to human figures. • Phase 2: from 2 to 7 months • Attachment becomes focused on one figure (primary caregiver). • Phase 3: from 7 to 27 months • Specific attachments develop. With increased locomotion, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers. • Phase 4: from 24 months on • Children become aware of others’ feelings and goals and account for them in their own actions. 2 • Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal working model of attachment. 21 Individual Differences in Attachment 1 Strange situation: observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of • Introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in prescribed order over approximately 20 minutes 22 Individual Differences in Attachment 2 • Securely attached babies: use the caregiver as a secure base 5 4/5/21 from which to explore the environment • Insecure avoidant babies: show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver • Insecure resistant babies: cling to the caregiver, then resist the caregiver by fighting against the closeness 23 24 Individual Differences in Attachment 3 • Insecure disorganized babies: show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented Individual Differences in Attachment 4 1 Importance of secure attachment in infants • Reflects a positive parent-infant relationship • Provides a foundation for healthy socioemotional development 2 Interpreting differences in attachment • Developmental cascade model: involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes 3 Criticism of attachment theory • Does not recognize that a culture’s value system influences the nature of attachment • Inadequate attention to biological-based factors 25 Caregiving Styles and Attachment Maternal sensitivity linked to secure attachment Caregivers of insecurely attached infants tend to be • Rejecting • Inconsistent • Abusive 26 Social Contexts • Family • Child care 27 Interaction Between Children and Their Parents: Direct and Indirect Effects ©Ocean/Corbis RF 28 Family 1 Constellation of subsystems Transition to parenthood 6 4/5/21 • Adjustment of parents during infant’s first years • Infant care competes with parents’ other interests • Overall increase in marital satisfaction 29 30 Family 2 1 Reciprocal socialization: bidirectional • Children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children. • Scaffolding: parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with parents 2 Managing and guiding infants’ behavior • Being proactive and childproofing the environment • Engaging in corrective methods Family 3 1 ©BrandXPictures/Getty Images 2 Maternal and paternal caregiving • Maternal interactions center on child-care activities. • Feeding, changing diapers, bathing • Paternal interactions tend to be play-centered. 31 32 Parents’ Methods for Managing and Guiding Infants’ Undesirable Behavior Child Care 1 1 Photo credit left to right: (L) ©Nick Greaves/Alamy (R) ©Polka Dot Images/PhotoLibrary 2 Many U. S. children today experience multiple caregivers. Most do not have a parent staying at home. Parental leave: fathers are positively engaged with their children; improved developmental outcomes occur • Currently over 2 million children receive formal, licensed care. Many more are cared for by unlicensed babysitters. 33 Child Care 2 Variations in child care • Factors that influence the effects are • Age of the child • Type of child care • Quality of the program • Low-income infants receive lower-quality child care. 7 4/5/21 • High-quality childcare linked to better cognitive and language skills, cooperation, positive play with peers, fewer behavioral issues • Good caregiver training and low child-to-staff ratios linked to higher cognitive and social competence when child is 4 years old 34 Child Care 3 Strategies parents can follow • Quality of parenting is a key factor in child’s development. • Monitor child’s development • Take time to find the best child care. 35 Primary Care Arrangements in the United States for Children Under 5 Years of Age with Employed Mothers 36 End of Main Content 1 www.mheducation.com ® 2 Because learning changes everything. 8