University:
Eastern Kentucky University
Course:
PSY 322 | Cognitive Development
Academic year:

2020
Views:

253

Pages:

1
Author:

emplanasf3fe

Behavioral Sciences 3: Learning and Memory Learning Habituation: Becoming used to a stimulus. Operant (instrumental): Experimenter arranges relationship between a stimulus (the reinforcer) and a response. E.g. bar press Þ food Dishabituation: When a 2nd stimulus intervenes causing a resensitization of the original stimulus. Associative Learning: Pairing together stimuli / responses or behaviors / consequences. Operant Conditioning: Behavior is changed through the use of consequences. Reinforcement: Increases likelihood of behavior. Punishment: Decreases likelihood of behavior. Schedule: The schedule of reinforcement can be based on an amount of time or a ratio of behavior / reward, and can be either fixed or variable. Positive Response: Adding something. Negative Response: Removing something. Extinction: When a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, it goes extinct. Shaping: In operant conditioning, shaping is a when behavior that is closer and closer to the target behavior is reinforced. Classical (Pavlovian): Experimenter arranges a relationship between two stimuli (CS and US). E.g. tone Þ food Classical Conditioning: With repetition, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response. Observational Learning The acquisition of behavior by watching others. or Modeling: Memory Encoding: The process of putting new info into memory. It can be automatic or effortful. Semantic encoding is stronger than both acoustic and visual encoding. Sensory & Short Term Transient and based on neurotransmitter activity. Memory: Working Memory: Requires STM, attention, and executive function to manipulate information. Long Term Memory: Requires elaborate rehearsal and is the result of increased neuronal connectivity. Explicit (declarative) Memory: Accounts for memories that we must consciously recall with effort and focus. Implicit (nondeclaritive) Memory: Accounts for acquired skills and conditioned responses to circumstances and stimuli. Semantic Networks: Stores facts. Concepts are linked together based on similar meaning. Certain triggers will activate associated memories. Retrieval: Recognition of info is stronger than recall. Retrieval is often based on priming interconnected nodes of the semantic network. Diseases: Alzheimers: Degenerative brain disorder linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to hippocampus. Causes dementia and memory loss. Korsakoff’s Syndrome: Memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain. Causes retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Another symptom is confabulation, the fabrication of vivid but fake memories. Agnosia: Loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds. Usually caused by physical damage to brain. Interference: Retroactive Interference: New memories make you forget old memories. Proactive Interference: Old memories interfere with learning new memories. 51 Human Memory Sensory Memory < 1 sec Short-term Memory (working memory) <1 min Long-term Memory Life-time Explicit Memory Conscious Implicit Memory Unconscious Declarative Memory Facts, events Procedural Memory Skills, tasks Episodic Memory Events, experiences Semantic Memory Facts, concepts

Behavioral Sciences 3 Learning and Memory

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