Milady Ch. 12 Table Review

Chemistry Term acidic solution alkaline solution alkalis alkanolamines Definition a solution that has a pH below 7.0 a solution that has a pH above 7.0 also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products AHA's; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate alpha hydroxy acids abbreviated skin ammonia colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen anion an ion with a negative electrical charge the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that atoms make up the element and have the same properties of the element cation an ion with a positive electrical charge chemical change a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in chemical properties characteristics the substance science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how chemistry matter changes under different conditions combustion rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light compound also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different molecules elements in definite (fixed) proportions electrons subatomic particles with a negative charge the simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler element substance without a loss of identity elemental molecule molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into emulsifier a uniform and fairly stable blend an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that emulsion normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier exothermic chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat reactions sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body glycerin creams glycolic acid an alpha hydroxyl acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products immiscible liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the inorganic chemistry the element hydrogen; are not, and never were, alive ion an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge ionization the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions lipophilic having an affinity for or an attraction to fats and oils (oil-loving) logarithm multiples of 10 matter any substance that occupies space and has mass liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning they can be mixed together to form stable miscible solutions molecule a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions neutrons subatomic particles with no charge oil-in-water abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water emulsions organic chemistry the study of substances that contain the element carbon; is, or was at one time, alive oxidation a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxidation-reduction also oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen) oxidizing agent substance that release oxygen pH pH scale physical change physical mixture physical properties protons pure substance reducing agent silicones solute solution solvent states of matter surfactants suspensions thioglycolic acid volatile alcohols volatile organic compounds water-in-oil emulsion the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen; pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being neutral. a pH below 7 is an acidic solution, a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance a physical combination of matter in any proportion characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance subatomic particles with a positive charge a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from a compound special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers the substance that is dissolved in a solution a stable physical mixture of two or more substances the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution the three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in liquid a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions alcohols that evaporate easily abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate easily (volatile) abbreviated W?O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil