Homeostatic Mechanisms

University:
High School
Course:
High School Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

0

Pages:

26
Author:

Juli Wu

Homeostasis Def. – maintenance of the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Internal environment – milieu interieur extracellular fluid which includes interstitial fluid. Volume and composition of this fluid should be maintained constant (within narrow limits) in spite of changes in external environment for the normal function of cell. Failure of homeostasis leads to disease Control systems of the body – - genetic control in all the cells - systems working within the organs control function of individual organs - systems operating throughout the entire body to control interrelation between the organs Composition of ECF is same all over the body because of constant mixing of interstitial fluid and blood and circulation of blood Some regulating systems and their functions – Resp. system - CO2 content Liver and pancreas – glucose Kidney – conc. of ions CVS – blood flow and temp regulation Nervous and endocrine systems regulate the function of other systems Components of control system – 1. sensor to detect disturbance, 2. controlling center, 3. effector Homeostatic Mechanisms1.Negative feedback mechanism 2.Positive feedback mechanism 3.Feed forward or anticipatory mechanism 1.Negative feedback mechanism – - most common - the effect of controlling system is in the opposite direction of change in the parameter so that disturbance is minimized. -ve feedback mechanism e.g. regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors, regulation of hormonal secretion, regulation of PCO2 of ECF. Components of -ve feedback regulation Disturbance Controlled variable at a set point Sensor monitors currant value Feedback signals Set point Controller- compares If error Output through effectors Effector response Correction -ve feedback mechanism Characteristics – -the disturbance is not corrected immediately – latency – dead time so oscillations are possible -The disturbance is not corrected completely – residual change -Regulation factor = change with regulation change without regulation -ve feedback mechanism -Effectiveness of regulating system – Gain = correction applied / residual change -ve feedback mechanism E.G. if large vol of blood is transfused without baroreceptor system increase in blood pressure is 100 mmof Hg to 175 mm of Hg and with baroreceptors it is 125 mm of Hg then, Regulation factor is 25 / 75 = 1/3 Gain is -50 / +25 = -2 Gain of body temp.regulating system is -33 Positive feedback mechanism – the effect of regulating system magnifies the error and sets in vicious cycle which stops only when the initial stimulus is removed. 2 lits of blood loss +ve feedback mech. Ineffective heart pump ↓B.P. ↓blood flow to heart muscle Weakness of heart muscle ↓heart pump Vicious cycle stops when blood volume is corrected +ve feedback mech. Examples of Useful +ve feedback regulation – for rapid magnification of basic corrective mechanisms 1.Hodgkin’s cycle for Na+ transport during AP 2.Oxytocin secretion during parturition 3.LH surge for ovulation 4.Enzymatic cascade for blood coagulation 5.Activation of digestive enzymes 3. Feed forward mechanism – anticipatory mechanism – conditioned reflex By detecting rate of change rapid anticipatory corrective measures which may not be accurate e.g. acceleration, exposure to cold Limitations – - age Undamped oscillations due to long dead time and more gain of system – overcorrection e.g. Chyene Stoke’s breathing, clonus during deep reflexes Metabolic tissue Intracellular water-40 % Extracellular water -20% Bone tissue Fat Total body water Body fluid compartments60% of body wt.(70kg.) – 42 lits. ICF-2/3 -28lits ECF – 1/3 – 14 lits 2 lits in RBC Plasma -3lits 5% 1/5 Transcellular 1-2 lits Interstitial fluid -11 lits. 3/4 7% of fluid in intravascular compartment Body fluids •62% of body wt in males and 52 % in females •72% of lean body mass (adipose free) body wt is 70kg in man body water is 42 lits. 28 lits ( 2/3) ICF – 2 lits - intravascular 14 lits. (1/3) ECF – 3 lits - intravascular Body fluids Measurement of body fluid compartments•indicator dilution technique – •Criteria for ideal dye – •Dye should get uniformly diluted only in the compartment whose whose volume is to be measured Body fluids •Dye should be nontoxic, •should not change fluid volume, • should not be metabolized, altered •or excreted in significant amount • should be able to estimate easily Body fluids Two spaces are calculated indirectly – - Intracellular fluid compartment ( TBW – ECF) - Extravascular fluid compartment (ECF - plasma vol.) Body fluids Example Inulin for ECF – 100 mg inulin injected After 30 min. inulin conc in blood – 0.75 mg /dl 25 mg excreted in urine during 30 mins. ECF vol = 100 – 25 / 0.75 = 10000 ml = 10 lits. Body fluids Substances used – TBW – D2O, tritiated H2O, aminopyrine ECF – Na thiosulphate, sucrose, mannitol, Intravascular fluid – Plasma vol. - Evan’s blue, T1824 , Hematocrit Osmolarity of ECF = 290 mOsm / lit 131I 2