AP Biology - Unit 4 Cell Communication And Cell Cycle

Tutorial 1: Transcription 1. Read the “Review: Transcription and Translation,” and complete the interactive diagram “DNA makes RNA makes Protein.” Check the box when you’re finished. ☑ 2. Read “Three Types of RNA...” and take the “Tree Types of RNA…” Quiz ☑ CREATE A KEY FOR THE DIAGRAM BELOW 1 a. Create a key for the diagram above: 1 Promoter 2 Cell Membrane 3 2. cytoplasm 5 3. DNA 4 RNA transcript RNA polymerase Gene Template strand b. A friend says “I’ve never understood the difference between replication and transcription.” Explain it to them. -The difference is thattranscription is when DNA is transcribed into RNA and replication is the making of DNA from DNA. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nuclear Membrane DNA transcribed to RNA RNA RNA exists nucleus through nuclear pore tRNA proteins ribosome Describe the function(s) of ● mRNA -messenger RNA delivers message to a ribosome ● tRNA -transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome and are assembled into proteins ● rRNA ribosomal RNA makes up ribosomes 3. Read “RNA,” and complete all the exercises in this section ☑ 4. Read “The Process of Transcription.” ☑ 5. Take the quiz “Checking Understanding: Transcription.” ☑ 6. Complete the flashcards “RNA and Transcription.” ☑ CHECKING UNDERSTANDING: Click the link to “The Genetic Code, “ the next tutorial. Tutorial 2: The Genetic Code 1. Read the Introduction: ☑ 2. Take the “Coding Challenge.” Then read about what you did and why you did it. ☑ 3. Read “Using a Genetic Code Dictionary.” ☑ 4. Complete “Genetic Code Practice Problems 1: mRNA to Protein.” ☑ 5. Complete “Genetic Code Practice Problems 2: DNA to Protein.” ☑ SUMMARIZE. On the top of the next page, explain how the genetic code works. In your explanation, include the terms codon, start codon, and stop codon. Explanation of the genetic code: -The start codon ,meaning “code one”, is AUG and the stop codons are UAA, UGA, and UAG. These particular codons inform tRNA when to start or stop coding for proteins. 6. Read “Ribosomes are general purpose protein factories” ☑ 7. Read “An overview of translation” ☑ 8. Watch “Protein Synthesis!” ☑ 9. Complete the “Protein Synthesis!” Interactive Lyrics ☑ 10. Complete the “Protein Synthesis/Translation” Flashcards ☑ Click the link to “Protein Synthesis Tutorial,“ which is the next tutorial in this series. Tutorial 3: Protein Synthesis/Translation 11. Take the “Protein Synthesis/Translation” Quiz ☑ SUMMARIZE: Using the diagrams below, along with other necessary information you’ve learned, explain how protein synthesis works. Write small, and note that not all steps are shown. Part of your job is to fill in the gaps. 1. Read the Introduction and complete the interactive diagram, “Transcription and translation.” ☑ 2. Read “Making protein is the goal of translation.” ☑ 3. Take the “Protein Chemistry Review Quiz.” ☑ SUMMARIZE: Create a key to this diagram 1. Central Carbon Initiation 2. Amino Group 3. Carboxyl Group 4. R Group Now create a key for this diagram Elongation Termination 1 a. covalent bonds b.codon c.primary structure d. secondary structure e.hydrogen bond f.beta pleated sheet g.hydrogen bonds h.covalent bonds i.alpha helix Termination 2 To begin with, the first tRNa binds with the complementary codon, while the ribosome translates and moves its sites, it is able to elongate the chain. In thermination 1, as the ribosome reaches a stop codon, a release factor enters which is shown in termination 2, the polypeptide chain is finally released. j.tertiary structure k.quaternary structure 4. Read “Messenger RNA (mRNA) codes for proteins.” ☑ 5. Read “Transfer RNAs…” ☑ Click the link to “The Genetic Code,” the next tutorial. Tutorial 4: How Proteins are Targeted to the Rough ER 1. Read the Introduction: “Free v. Bound Ribosomes,” and complete the “ER and Endomembrane System Review” Quiz. Assume that the arrows next to number 8 show a protein that’s being exported from a cell. Beginning with mRNA leaving the nucleus, explain how this protein will be synthesized by a ribosome at the rough ER, and then make its way to the membrane, and finally out of the cell. ☑ 2. Read “How do proteins get made at the right ribosome…” SPECULATE: In the space below, speculate about a mechanism by which ribosomes that need to make their proteins at the rough ER find their way there. -the either have to be themselves to be able to make the proteins needed or they have to be transported by a mechanism. 3. Read the first part of “Protein targeting works through a signal polypeptide.” Then study the diagram, and write a short description of what you see happening. -Protein targeting works through a signal polypeptide shows the process where the ribosomes end up attached with the Endoplasmic Reticulum as a bound organelle and how it makes the necessary proteins. Now continue by reading the text below the diagram 4. Take the “Protein Targeting” Quiz☑ Checking Understanding: Make a key to the diagram below 1 2 3 4 5 6 A B C D E ribosome begins to synthesize a protein signal recognition particle has a second binding site ribosome goes to the translocation complex signal polypeptide bound to the translocation complex the enzyme goes to work, cutting the signal polypeptide off the rest of the growing chain. ribosome has reached the stop codon on the mRNA signal recognition particle signal polypeptide translocation complex Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane protein SYNTHESIZE YOUR LEARNING Include these content-related terms: (presented in alphabetical order: add other terms as needed) anti-codon, codon, elongation, exocytosis, Golgi apparatus, initiation, arge subunit, mRNA, release factor, ribosome, signal polypeptide, signal recognition particle, Small subunit, stop codon, termination, translocation complex, tRNA, vesicle. -Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus. One free ribosome would release a protein directly to the cytoplasm, however a bound ribosome releases it straight into the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Once the proteins pass from the rough ER to the smooth ER, the transfer of vesicles begins then the golgi apparatus and then more vesicles. Then, a protein is integrated into the membrane, or the protein can be exported by the cell, or the protein can be encapsulated within a membrane bound vesicle.