Biology Cheat Sheet | Cheat Sheet

University:
High School
Course:
High School Biology
Academic year:

2024
Views:

142

Pages:

2
Author:

Allie Wayne

BIOLOGY CHEAT SHEET Null Hypothesis: - Reject null if significant difference. - Fail to reject if no significant difference. Mitosis: - DNA condensed during division; loose during normal function. - Chromosome: condensed DNA. Chromatid: replicated copy. Chromatin: uncondensed. - Stages: • Interphase: chromatin. • Prophase: chromosomes condense; 46 w/ chromatids. • Metaphase: line up single file; 46 w/ chromatids. • Anaphase: chromatids separate → 92 chromosomes. • Telophase: nuclei form; 46 per nucleus. • Cytokinesis: splits into 2 identical diploid cells. Meiosis: - Makes 4 haploid gametes. 2 divisions. Crossing over = new gene combos. - Meiosis I: • Prophase I: crossing over; 46 w/ chromatids. • Metaphase I: homologous pairs line up. • Anaphase I: pairs split; 46 w/ chromatids. • Telophase I: 23 chromosomes per cell. - Meiosis II: • Like mitosis but haploid. Ends with 4 haploid gametes. Cell Cycle: - G1 → S → G2 → M. Checkpoints at G1, G2, M. - Cyclins activate CDKs. Errors → apoptosis. Nondisjunction can cause disorders. DNA Replication: - Helicase unzips; SSB holds strands; Topoisomerase prevents supercoil. - Primase adds primers; DNA polymerase builds 5'→3'. - Lagging strand makes Okazaki fragments; ligase seals. Transcription: - RNA polymerase reads 3'→5' of template. - mRNA modifications: 5' cap, poly-A tail, intron removal. - Alternative splicing → multiple proteins. Translation: - Ribosomes read 5'→3'. - tRNA anticodons match codons. - A (arrive), P (peptidyl), E (exit). - Start: AUG. Stop codons end translation.