University:
Lehman College
Course:
BIO 238 | Genetics
Academic year:

2024
Views:

271

Pages:

1
Author:

Shazna

m 1 Monogenic w)1 Mating · F, phenotypically 2 Phenotype parents (AAxaa) · Crossing F, 4 8 E Mating homozygous f genotypic 3/ outcome Fe for tester · 1: 2 : / : · 9 :3 Aa monohybrid heterozygotes phenotypic Mating heterozygote phenotypic 1 : : , etc and know your monohyrid 3 a : / 1 2 1 2 : : : 1 / : /: 1 : 4 heterozygote (aabb : 2 x : (1 : 2 : 1) (1 : 2 : 1) 1 1 2: 1 1 : : 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 2 : 1 :2 : Cc el aaBbCC ↑ xXy = Toxi · Aabb) : 2 : AaBbCc XAaBb : genotypically / . : : 1 :3 : 3 genotypically : foil (3 1) (3 : 1) heterozygote/dihybrid phenotypically genotypic 1 / : testing F, (Aaxaa) with tester two phenotypically : Mating Aa and to Ratios exhibits 4 phenotypes genotypically 4 :0 · or homozygous/pure breed f, Digenic Ratios find out if 3cinHowtrihybrid .? 3 0 . 03125 100 % x = 1/ : Mutation can : ↳ halt function stop : function ↳ ) new a two : function (gain Gof : divide function - of function genes pseudofunctionalization · · neofunctionalization : · sub functionalization : ( work together for I function results LOF (loss of in function) +( + -) Growth genes share a function G Cell Division 1 · + preparation 62 GOf somatic cell division for * formitos, M S DNA synthesis phase · - pationto s growth , repair and maintence Prometaphase : ↑ SpindfibersatachotheKimochossaid ⑳ · * Takes up most amount . of time nucelis a & E o33 32 E3#N un A S zus # Curomatin condensing chromosomes with two cytoplasm chromatids held together at the coiled Interphase is separated into 3 phases ; G phase : cell grows organates produced , cell kinetochore 0 = in & & Ii1) cytoplasm developing spindle · Lintact chromosomes nuclear membrane · * , I I / I 1/ NII ↑ I chromosomes pushed to the · Center lequator( · M check point : 4th check point ensures that spindle fibers are attached propeny are so that all alligned chromosomes in the center. , , division enzymes made chromosomes condense nuclear membrane and neudeoli break apart and disappear spindle fibers form . . Sphase : DNA is replicated centrosome replicated O2 phase : more growth , energy is produced more , , , enzymes are made pointssures che . ; cyclic cell is healthy and ready to mediate check and kineases must be readily divalable = check : ensures DNA replication forks are stable for division proteinon point. ~ . 62 Check : ensure DNA is replicated properly 1188 & C ⑤ & ↑ & ⑧ S S 3S i S4 & & clevage forms A & & I III & > - & ⑨ D = & * ↳ & - - - set of form around each . chromosomes Two nuclei the completion of mitosis , there are two cells with the same structures At and the number of chromosomes as the > diploid) parent cell (diploid . ·* daughter ⑤ ⑳ # # - T I& * * - &YI ↑↑ & ⑧- · sister chromatids separate daughter chromosomes as