Thought, Language, Memory and Reasoning

Cognitive psychology is the study of feelings and emotions. thought, language, memory and reasoning. how people think. the mistakes made when people use logic to solve problems. Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is thinking. using artificial intelligence. categorizing. organizing. You are thinking of how to play a hand in a poker game. In other words, you are using ____ to figure out what to do. an algorithm an availability heuristic mental imagery a category concepts are cognitive categories that help us to better understand and remember complex information. All concepts have clearly defined properties and characteristics.True false Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of cognitive psychology. A highly representative example of a concept is known as a Prototype The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is Thinking What is the primary difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? A heuristic is a cognitive shortcut; an algorithm is not. A heuristic guarantees a solution; an algorithm does not. An algorithm is a cognitive shortcut; a heuristic is not. An algorithm guarantees a solution; a heuristic does not. Which of the following are true of a mental image? It can be auditory, as well as visual. It is some representation in the mind of an object or event. It can be visual or auditory, but does not involve our other senses. It is always visual. Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people are called cognition. images. concepts. problems. The ______ heuristic is the tendency to more heavily weight options that are closer to the present than ones further away. familiarity availability present bias computational Which of the following are true of concepts? Some concepts are clearly defined by a unique set of properties or features. All concepts are considered prototypes. Concepts influence behavior. Some concepts are ambiguous and difficult to define A prototype is a typical, highly representative example of a(n) _____. heuristic concept algorithm mental representation The ability to generate original ideas or solve problems in novel ways is called instinct. intelligence. confirmation bias. creativity. A procedure that guarantees a solution is a(n) algorithm Mental images are representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented. Which of the following is an example of divergent thinking? Using wood to build a desk Using a brick as a doorstop Using a brick to build a house Using wood to build a house Present bias is a heuristic that prevents us from thinking logically. True false Paul tends to solve problems using logic and his experience. In other words, he typically uses _____ to solve problems. creative thinking imagination divergent thinking convergent thinking Creativity is the ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions True or false: Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live. Which of the following best defines divergent thinking? The preference for complex stimuli The ability to think in logical and precise steps The ability to think of creative solutions to problems Grammar is the system of rules applied to language. ______ thinking involves producing responses to a problem based primarily on knowledge and logic. Confirmative Convergent Decisive Divergent The smallest units of speech that affect meaning are called phonemes ______ refers to the way in which words are combined to form sentences. Grammar Syntax Language Openness The component of language concerned with the meanings of words and sentences is semantics Language is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules. When an infant utters sounds such as "ma," "pa," and "me" more or less randomly, they are using language. demonstrating grammar. using telegraphic speech. babbling. The system of rules applied to language is called syntax. grammar. semantics. phonemes. Phonology studies the smallest units of speech. meaning of words and sentences. rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed. ways words and sentences can be combined into sentences. An infant's babbling reflects the language spoken in their environment. their ability to understand what is said to them. their intelligence. the accuracy of their hearing. Most English speakers understand the sentence "Michelle is a good girl" but have a harder time with "Michelle, a good girl is," indicating the importance of good phonology. syntax. grammar. morphology. Semantics refers to the set of rules governing the meaning of words and sentences. babbling is the term for meaningless speechlike sounds uttered by infants. If a child is not exposed to language by the time she or he is 5, it is unlikely that she or he will easily learn to speak. This suggests that there is a __________ for language development. personological variable language acquisition device maximal period critical period Babies typically learn to understand some language ______ they learn to produce some words at the same time that before After At what age to infants begin to "specialize" in the language to which they are exposed? 12 months 6 to 8 months 18 months 2 to 3 months Syntax refers to the rules that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences. True or false: There is a critical period in infancy during which if a child is not exposed to language, he or she will have extreme difficulty ever learning to speak. When a child says "baby up" she may be asking to be picked up or saying that she has been picked up. In this case, "baby up" is an example of telegraphic speech. formal language. babbling. one-word speech. Violet is 10 months old and does not yet speak, we can assume that her parents have been neglectful by not speaking enough to her. she understands a fair amount of the language that she hears. she does not understand any words being said to her. she lives in an intellectually impoverished environment. Children tend to _____ the rules of language. overgeneralize undergeneralize Which approach to language acquisition suggests it is primarily acquired through reinforcement and conditioning? Nativist Interactionist Learning-theory Bilingual Telegraphic speech occurs when words that are not critical to the interpretation of an utterance are emphasized. included. left out. de-emphasized. In a remote part of the Australian outback intelligence might have to do with mastering hunting whereas in urban Miami it may be exemplified by achieving success in business. This helps to illustrate how intelligence can take on many different meanings that are heavily influenced by culture. nature. emotion. gender. The rules of _____ determine the meaning of words and sentences. language behavior language morphology semantics Intelligence is the broad term that describes the capacity to understand the world and think rationally, and use resources when faced with challenges. More recent theories of intelligence see it as generalized. unitary. multidimensional. unilateral. Children often use standard grammar rules, even when this is not appropriate. For example, they may say "goed" for went, or "tooths" for teeth. These are examples of babble. overgeneralization. telegraphic speech. phonology. The specific type of intelligence that reflects a person's information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory is referred to as practical intelligence. crystallized intelligence. fluid intelligence. general intelligence. The learning-theory approach stresses that language acquisition follows which of the following principles? bilingualism conditioning reinforcement speech production The specific type of intelligence that represents learned skills and strategies is _____ intelligence. multiple emotional fluid crystallized Intelligence is defined differently by different cultures. For example, street smarts may be the definition in a large city, whereas, in a remote area, it may be defined as mastering hunting skills. Whose theory proposes we all have eight types of intelligences to varying degrees? Sir Galton Gardner Terman Binet Which of the following are part of the definition of intelligence? To use resources effectively when faced with challenges To score within the normal range of a psychometrically sound intelligence test To think rationally The capacity to understand the world Which of the following intelligences are identified as one of Gardner's eight intelligences? Sensory Spatial Bodily kinesthetic Logical- mathematical Intrasocial Some recent psychological theories view intelligence as a multidimensional concept that includes different types of intelligence.True false According to Sternberg, _____ intelligence would be useful if you were asked to come up with three solutions to a real everyday problem you were experiencing in your life. analytic creative practical successful When asked to solve a complex problem, such as solving an analogy, what type of intelligence is involved? Crystallized Fluid Practical Emotional G Which type of intelligence would you use if you participated in a discussion about the experience of high school students in the United States? Spatial intelligence Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence What theory states that intelligence is not a single concept but is composed of a minimum of eight different intelligences, each relatively independent of the others? Emotional intelligence theory Eight factor theory of intelligence Sir Galton's theory of intelligence Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences According to Sternberg's theory of intelligence, which of the following is an example of practical intelligence? The ability to play the cello The ability to have insight into one's self The ability to succeed in business The ability to work through an abstract theoretical reasoning problem An additional type of intelligence that is not one of Gardner's eight types is ______ intelligence, which involves identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human existence. existential genetic emotional creative Whose theory stresses that practical intelligence leads to better career success than traditional intelligence? Sir Galton Gardner Sternberg Binet Your friends reads a phone number out to you and asks you to remember it. What type of intelligence are you using? Interpersonal intelligence Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence The accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people learn through experience is crystallized intelligence. Practical intelligence is most closely related to ______ success. career creative emotional academic Which of the following is an example of emotional intelligence? The ability to work through an abstract reasoning problem The ability to understand and regulate your feelings The ability to play the cello The ability to succeed in business Select of all the following that are a part of Gardner's multiple intelligences. Psychological Linguistic Interpersonal Naturalist Educational Musical Someone who may not score well on traditional intelligence tests may still be quite successful due to their ability to respond appropriately to others' feelings. This would be due to their ______ intelligence emotional analytical creative practical The skills that enable the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions are known collectively as emotional intelligence Identifying students in need of special attention in school or diagnosing specific learning difficulties, ______ tests can prove useful. intelligence emotional practical analytical According to Binet, the average age of people who achieve a particular level of performance on a test is their mental age. The intelligence quotient is a measure that takes into account both mental and chronological ages. What might explain a situation where individuals test low on crystallized and logicalmathematical intelligence yet are very well liked and successful in their careers? High naturalist intelligence could account for their success. Low linguistic intelligence could account for the difference. Information processing memory could account for the difference. High emotional intelligence could account for their success. What are intelligence tests designed to do? Quantify a person's level of intelligence Predict success in school Measure a person's vocabulary level Measure school achievement Reliability means a test is consistent in its measurement. is culturally sensitive. uses similar procedures each time it is administered. measures what it is supposed to be measuring. The Stanford-Binet test determines the age for which a person's performance is average or typical. What is the result known as? Intelligence assessment Mental age IQ When a test is actually measuring what it is suppose to measure, it is said that the test has g-factor. reliability. norms. validity. Which intelligence score takes a person's mental and chronological age into account? Age Intelligent quotient Mental quotient Mental age Intelligence quotient On Monday when you asked your friend if you should dump the person you're dating, she said yes. Now on Wednesday, she says no even though your situation has not changed. Since you asked her twice and got two different answers, in terms of validity and reliability, her advice is not reliable Tests that are controversial but have been used to identify students in need of special attention or with specific learning difficulties are called intelligence tests. A test that returns similar scores each time it is administered to an individual is said to be highly reliable A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly valid A test that returns the same score each time it is administered but does not measure what it is thought to measure is very reliable but not valid When trying to recommend music you would like, your friend asks you what books you like to read. You don't see how this is related to music taste therefore you are questioning the _______ of your friend's question validity reliability A test that measures what it is supposed to measure is considered to be high in reliability. validity. In science, it is important that every time we administer a test, the test-taker will achieve the same or nearly similar results. This is known as reliability. norms. validity. difference.