Advanced Placement Physics 2 Table of Information

ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS 2 TABLE OF INFORMATION CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Avogadro’s number, Universal gas constant, Boltzmann’s constant, N 0 = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1 R = 8.31 J (mol K) k B = 1.38 × 10−23 J K 1 atmosphere of pressure, 1 atm = 1.0 × 105 N m 2 = 1.0 × 105 Pa Coulomb constant, k= 1 4 UNIT SYMBOLS A ampere, coulomb, C degree Celsius, °C electron volt, farad, hertz, joule, kelvin, kilogram, meter, mole, newton, ohm, pascal, second, tesla, volt, watt, N m2 C2 = 9.0 × 109 0 Proton mass, Neutron mass, Electron mass, Elementary charge, mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg mn = 1.67 × 10−27 kg me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg e = 1.60 × 10−19 C Vacuum permittivity, Vacuum permeability, 1 electron volt, Planck’s constant, Speed of light, Wien’s constant, = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N m 2 = 4 × 10−7 (T m) A 0 1 eV = 1.60 × 10−19 J h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s = 4.14 10−15 eV s hc = 1.99 × 10−25 J m 1240 eV nm c = 3.00 × 108 m s b = 2.90 × 10−3 m K Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 1 unified atomic mass unit, = 5.67 × 10−8 W m 2 K 4 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg = 931 MeV c 2 ( 0 ) ( eV F Hz J K kg m mol N Ω Pa s T V W ) ( ) Universal gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10−11 m 3 kg s 2 6.67 10−11 N m 2 kg 2 Magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity at Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 m s 2 Magnitude of the gravitational field strength at the Earth’s surface, g = 9.8 N kg VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR COMMON ANGLES PREFIXES Factor Prefix Symbol tera T 1012 9 giga G 10 6 mega M 10 3 kilo k 10 −2 centi c 10 milli m 10−3 10−6 micro −9 10 nano μ n 10 −12 pico p 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° sin 0 12 35 2 2 45 cos 1 3 2 45 2 2 35 12 tan 0 3 3 34 1 4 3 3 60° 3 2 90° 1 0 The following conventions are used in this exam: • The frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial unless otherwise stated. • Air resistance is assumed to be negligible unless otherwise stated. • In all situations, positive work is defined as work done ON a system • Springs and strings are assumed to be ideal unless otherwise stated. • The electric potential is zero at an infinite distance from an isolated point charge. • The direction of current is the direction in which positive charges would drift. • All batteries and meters are assumed to be ideal unless otherwise stated. 1 ELECTRICITY 1 2 r2 1 2 MAGNETISM A = area B = magnetic field F = force I = current  = length q = charge r = distance, radius, or position t = time v = velocity or speed e = emf q = angle Φ = flux A = area C = capacitance d = distance E = electric field F = force I = current  = length P = power q = charge Q = charge r = distance, radius, or position R = resistance t = time U = potential energy V = electric potential k = dielectric constant = resistivity t = time constant THERMAL PHYSICS A = area c = specific heat F = force k = thermal conductivity K = kinetic energy L = length m = mass n = number of moles N = number of atoms P = pressure Q = energy transferred to a system by heating t = time T = temperature U = internal energy v = velocity or speed V = volume W = work done on a system Physics 2: Algebra-Based Course and Exam Description 2 2024 WAVES, SOUND, AND OPTICS MODERN PHYSICS a = width A = amplitude d = separation D = path length f = frequency or focal length F = force h = height ℓ = length L = distance m = order or mass M = magnification n = index of refraction s = position t = time T = period v = speed x = position y = position λ = wavelength = angle w = angular frequency (2 A = area b = constant E = energy f = frequency K = kinetic energy m = mass N = number of particles p = momentum P = power t = time T = absolute temperature = angle = wavelength or decay constant s = constant f = work function t) GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY Rectangle A = bh Rectangular Solid V = ℓwh Triangle 1 A = bh 2 Cylinder Circle Sphere 4 = 3 =4 s=r A = area b = base C = circumference h = height ℓ = length r = radius s = arc length S = surface area V = volume w = width = angle Physics 2: Algebra-Based s r Right Triangle a 2 + b2 = c 2 a sin = c b cos = c a ta = b c b Course and Exam Description a 90° 3 2024 MECHANICS AND FLUIDS a = acceleration d = distance E = energy F = force J = impulse k = spring constant K = kinetic energy m = mass p = momentum P = power r = radius, distance, or position t = time U = potential energy v = velocity or speed W = work x = position y = height q = angle m = coefficient of friction a = acceleration A = amplitude or area d = distance f = frequency F = force h = height I = rotational inertia k = spring constant K = kinetic energy  = length L = angular momentum m = mass M = mass P = pressure r = radius, distance, or position t = time T = period v = velocity or speed V = volume W = work x = position y = vertical position a = angular acceleration q = angle r = density t = torque w = angular speed + Physics 2: Algebra-Based Course and Exam Description 1 2 2 2 2 2024