Psychology Exam 2020

PSYCHOLOGY SECTION I Time - 1 hour and 10 minutes 100 Questions Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following? (A) Take a nap (B) Eat a snack (C) Drink a glass of water (D) Drink a diet soda (E) Get some exercise For several weeks — ever since she did not receive a raise that was given to several colleagues — Enid has lacked energy, has been unable to go to work, and has expected bad things to happen every day. Of the following, she is most likely experiencing (A) posttraumatic stress (B) mania (C) hypochondria (D) depression (E) fugue Phobic and panic disturbances are examples of which of the following kinds of disorder? (A) Personality (B) Schizophrenic (C) Anxiety (D) Somatoform (E) Dissociative In an experiment, which of the following variables refers to the outcome that is measured by the experimenter? (A) Independent (B) Dependent (C) Control (D) Random (E) Stimulus In Sigmund Freud’s view, the role of the ego is to (A) make the individual feel superior to others (B) make the individual feel inferior to others (C) mediate among the id, the superego, and reality (D) serve the demands of the unconscious (E) serve the demands of the superego A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following? (A) Phobias (B) Heart disease (C) Bulimia nervosa (D) Multiple personality (E) Antisocial personality One major objection to the early Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it (A) did not take into account internal thoughts and feelings (B) did not take into account overt physical behaviors (C) did not take into account accumulated experiences (D) focused primarily on childhood experiences (E) focused primarily on the unconscious The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the (A) semicircular canal (B) ossicle (C) pinna (D) cochlea (E) oval window One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the (A) universality of facial expressions across cultures (B) vast differences in facial expressions between males and females (C) ease with which people can learn to change their facial expressions under differing circumstances (D) way children’s facial expressions differ from adults’ (E) way in which individuals’ facial expressions change as they get older Which of the following parts of the brain is most active in decision-making? (A) Reticular formation (B) Corpus callosum (C) Hypothalamus (D) Cerebral cortex (E) Pituitary gland Psychotic disorders frequently involve perceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation, such as voices. Symptoms such as these are called (A) delusions (B) paraphilias (C) hallucinations (D) paranormal images (E) psychic phenomena Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the (A) behavior is complex (B) behavior was very recently acquired (C) punishment is delivered soon after the behavior (D) punishment is delivered by someone with authority (E) punishment is both mental and physical According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves (A) retrieval (B) storage (C) rehearsal (D) encoding (E) transfer John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John’s symptoms describe (A) anterograde amnesia (B) Broca’s aphasia (C) cue-dependent forgetting (D) selective amnesia (E) retroactive interference Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following? (A) The sweet taste of chocolate (B) Electric stimulation to the pleasure center of the brain (C) A monkey using its tail as a fifth limb to climb higher in a tree (D) The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms (E) The enjoyment of a frightening movie Metacognition refers to (A) amnesia (B) mental retardation (C) artificial intelligence (D) thinking without theory (E) thinking about thinking A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson’s stages of development? (A) Industry vs. inferiority (B) Identity vs. role confusion (C) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (D) Integrity vs. despair (E) Trust vs. mistrust Which of the following therapeutic approaches is most likely to be criticized because it does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder? (A) Cognitive (B) Behavioral (C) Biological (D) Psychoanalytic (E) Phenomenological Which of the following will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity? (A) Cocaine (B) Caffeine (C) Benzedrine (D) Amphetamines (E) Barbiturates Behavior therapists emphasize which of the following in their treatment of clients? (A) Freedom of choice about the future (B) The uncovering of unconscious defense mechanisms (C) Responses that have been reinforced in the past (D) Early childhood conflicts (E) Repressed aggressive impulses Which of the following is a brain-imaging technique that produces the most detailed picture of brain structure? (A) Electroencephalography (EEG) (B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (C) Positron emission tomography (PET) (D) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) (E) Electromyography (EMG) Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of “automobile”? (A) Vehicle, transportation (B) Vehicle, convertible (C) Station wagon, minivan (D) Sedan, compact car (E) Foreign car, domestic car Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg’s developmental theory is based on the argument that Kohlberg’s (A) work has been invalidated by changes in the structure of families in the United States (B) stages are too limited in their critical-period parameters (C) theory underestimates the capabilities of infants and children (D) stages do not apply equally well to all racial and ethnic groups (E) theory fails to account sufficiently for differences between males and females