Basics of Biblical Greek Chapters 10-14, 19-20 Review 4 Track 2

Chapters 10-14, 19-20 Review #4 Ð Track 2 Grammar 1. Explain how the stem was modified in the following inflected forms. Start by writing out the wordÕs stem, add the case ending, show the final form, and explain the changes. a. savrx is formed by sark (stem) + V (3rd declension Nominative Singular Feminine case ending) ↠ sarkV ↠ sarx (because from the table of stops, kappa + sigma ↠ xi). b. o[noma is formed by ojnomat (stem) + Ð (3rd declension Nominative or Accusative Singular Neuter case ending is blank) ↠ ojnomat ↠ ojnoma (because of noun rule 8: ÒA tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.Ó) c. cavrisin is formed by carit (stem) + sin (3rd declension Dative Plural Feminine case ending is si(n)) ↠ caritsin ↠ carisin (because from the table of stops, tau + sigma ↠ sigma) d. pivstewV is formed by pist” (stem ends in consonantal iota) + oV (3rd declension Genitive Singular Feminine case ending) ↠ pist”oV ↠ pivstewV (because consonantal iota + omicron ↠ ew in this instance) e. pa:V is formed by pant (stem) + V (3rd declension Nominative Singular Masculine case ending) ↠ pantV ↠ panV (because from the table of stops, tau + sigma ↠ sigma) ↠ paV (because of noun rule 8: Ònu drops out when followed by sigma.Ó) 2. Write out the seventh and eighth noun rules. ¥ ¥ 3. Unvoiced Voiced Aspirate +s Labial p b f y Velar k g c x Dental t d q s Noun rule 8: ÒA tau cannot stand at the end of a word and will drop off.Ó Describe what happens when you add a sigma to the following stops. a. t+s↠s b. b+s↠y c. d+s↠s d. p+s↠y e. g+s↠x f. 4. Noun rule 7 is the Square of Stops with the rightmost column (below) added, plus the fact that nu drops out when followed by sigma. k+s↠x List the case endings !118 Review #4 (Track Two) !119 6. 7. 3rd Declension M M/F F N N Nominative Singular V Ð n V /Ð Ð Genitive Singular u V u oV oV Dative Singular i i i i i Accusative Singular n n n a / n Ð Nominative Plural i i a eV a wn wn wn wn wn Dative Plural iV iV iV si(n) si (n) Accusative Plural uV V a aV a Genitive Plural 5. 1st & 2nd Declensions What determines the case, number, and gender of a personal pronoun? a. Case is determined by the function of the personal pronoun in its clause. b. Number and gender are determined by the number and gender of the antecedent of the personal pronoun." The first and second person personal pronouns (lexical forms ejgwv and suv), however, do not have gender. Write out the paradigm of the English personal pronouns. First Person Second Person Subjective Singular I you Possessive Singular my your Objective Singular me you First Person Second Person Subjective Plural we you Possessive Plural our your Objective Plural us you What are the three uses of aujtovV? a. Personal pronoun ¥ b. c. Usually translated as a third-person pronoun: he, she, it, his, her, its, to him, to her, to it, him, her, it, they, their, to them, or them. Adjectival intensive ¥ Translated as Òhimself,Ó Òherself,Ó Òitself,Ó or Òthemselves.Ó ¥ Usually in the predicate position. ¥ Usually in the nominative case. Identical adjective ¥ Translated as Òsame,Ó as in Òthe same woman.Ó ¥ Usually in the attributive position. 120 ! Review #4 (Track Two) How do you distinguish the form of the feminine personal pronoun from the feminine demonstrative? 8. By the start of the word: The feminine demonstrative 1 always has either a rough breathing mark (au{th and au| tai) or else begins with tau (tauvthV, tauvth/, tauvthn, touvtwn, tauvtaiV, and tauvtaV). The feminine personal pronoun always begins with auj, so it never has a rough breathing and never begins with tau. ¥ In what adjectival position will you find the demonstratives when they are modifying nouns? 9. ¥ 10. When a demonstrative modifies a noun, it is in the predicate position (e.g., Òthis the manÓ or Òthe man thisÓ). What are the four basic rules of the vocative? a. 11. 12. In the singular first declension, the vocative is the same as the nominative. c. In the singular second declension, the vocative ending is usually epsilon. Note that unlike other case endings (except for the Nominative or Accusative Plural Neuter case ending a), the epsilon is not simply appended to the end of the stem. Instead, the epsilon replaces the stem vowel omicron, so we have a[nqrwpe, not ajnqrwvpoe. d. In the singular third declension, the vocative is usually the bare stem of the word, sometimes with the stem vowel being changed due to ablaut. What determines the case, number, and gender of a relative pronoun? a. The case of a relative pronoun is set by its function in its relative clause.2 b. The number and gender of a relative pronoun match the number and gender of its antecedent. How do you distinguish the form of the relative pronoun from the article? ¥ 13. In the plural, the vocative is always identical to the nominative plural. b. The relative pronoun always has both a rough breathing and an accent (e.g., o{V). The article always has one or the other (e.g., oJ and tov), but never both. So if there is both a rough breathing and an accent, it is the relative pronoun. Otherwise, it is the article. Write out the ÒSquare of Stops,Ó and what happens to each class of stop when followed by a sigma. Unvoiced 14. Voiced Aspirate +s f y Labial p b Velar k g c x Dental t d q s What is the difference between a verbal ÒrootÓ and ÒstemÓ? ¥ A verb has one root 3 and six tense stems 4 that are derived from the root. 1 2 This question refers to the nearby demonstrative (ÒthisÓ), with lexical form ou|toV. The distant demonstrative (ÒthatÓ), with lexical form ejkei¾noV, is unlikely to be confused with the third person feminine personal pronoun. Except when the relative pronoun is attracted to the case of its antecedent. See section 14.14 on page 120 of the textbook. 3 4 There are a few verbs that have multiple roots. See question 10 part (c) below. Some verbs do not occur in certain tenses, and therefore lack the corresponding tense stems. Review #4 (Track Two) 15. ¥ A stem is the form of the root in a particular tense. The connecting vowel, personal endings, and other pieces of a verb are added on to the tense stem rather than on to the root. ¥ Mounce always prefaces the root with an asterisk. E.g., *lu What are the three basic ways in which the verbal root is used to form the present tense stem? a. Present tense stem = verbal root. ¥ E.g., luvw uses the present tense stem lu, which is the verbal root *lu. b. Present tense stem = verbal root + something added at the end c. Present tense stem = verbal root + changing the stem vowel ¥ ¥ 16. ! 121 E.g., bavllw uses the present tense stem ball, which is derived from the verbal root *bal + ” ↠ ball E.g., ejgeivrw uses the present tense stem ejgeir, which is derived from the verbal root *ejger by changing the stem vowel epsilon into ei. Write out the Master Verb Chart Tense Aug/Redup Pres act Imperf mid/pas e Tense stem Tense formative Conn. vowel Personal endings First singular pres o / e prim act luvw pres o / e sec mid/pas ejluovmhn Future act fut act s o / e prim act luvsw Liquid future act fut act es o / e prim act menw: Future mid fut act s o / e prim mid/pas poreuvsomai Parsing 1. povlesin povliV Dative Plural Feminine Òto citiesÓ Dative Singular Neuter Òto a nameÓ 2. ojnovmati o[noma 3. ajrou:sin ai[rw Third Person Plural Future Active Indicative Òthey will takeÓ 4. au{th ou|toV Nominative Singular Feminine ÒthisÓ 5. zhvsh/ zavw Second Person Singular Future Middle Indicative Òhe/she/it will liveÓ5 6. ajkouvseiV ajkouvw Second Person Singular Future Active Indicative Òyou will hearÓ 7. oi|V o{V Dative Plural Mascuiline or Neuter Òto whom/to whichÓ 8. swvsw sw/vzw First Person Singular Future Active Indicative ÒI will saveÓ 9. gnwvsetai ginwvskw Third Person Singular Future Deponent Indicative Òhe/she/it will knowÓ poluvV Dative Plural Mascuiline or Neuter Òto much/to manyÓ 10. polloi¾V 5 We have not marked this future middle form as deponent because the future active form zhvsw occurs. Nevertheless, meaning of the future middle is the same as the future active for zavw, and we have translated it accordingly. 122 ! Review #4 (Track Two) 11. blevyetai blevpw 12. o[yontai oJravw Third Person Singular Future Deponent Indicative Òhe/she/it will seeÓ 13. podiv pouvV Dative Singular Masculine Òto a footÓ 14. gnwvsontai ginwvskw Third Person Plural Future Deponent Indicative Òthey will knowÓ 15. o[yh/ oJravw Second Person Singular Future Deponent Indicative Òyou will seeÓ Third Person Singular Future Middle Indicative Òhe/she/it will look for" him/her/itselfÓ Translation: John 12:27-36 12:27 Now my soul has been troubled, and what can I say? ÔFather, save me from this hourÕ? But for this reason I came to this hour. 12:28 Father, glorify your name!Ó Then a voice came from heaven, ÒI have both glorified it and I will also glorify it again.Ó 12:29 Then the crowd that was standing and hearing was saying that it was thunder. And others were saying that an angel had spoken to him. 12:30 Jesus answered and said, ÒThis voice came not for my sake but for yours. 12:31 Now judgment is on this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out. 12:32 And if I am lifted up from the world, I will draw all people to myself.Ó 12:33 He was saying this, signifying what sort of death he was about to die. 12:34 The crowd then answered him, ÒWe have heard from the law that the Christ remains into eternity; how are you saying that it is necessary for the Son of Man to be lifted up? Who is this Son of Man?Ó 12:35 Then Jesus said to them, ÒThe light is among you for a little while longer. Walk as long as you have the light, in order that darkness will not overtake you. The one walking in the darkness does not know where he is going. 12:36 As long as you have the light, believe in the light, in order that you might be sons of the light.Ó! Review #4 (Track Two) ! 123 tetevlestai