Stress - Testbank Answers

Key 1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. FALSE 5. TRUE 6. TRUE 7. FALSE 8. TRUE 9. TRUE 10. FALSE 11. E 12. E 13. E 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. E 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. E 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. B 35. B 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. A 41. D 42. E 43. D 44. E 45. E 46. E 47. E 48. B 49. E 50. C 51. D 52. E 53. E 54. E 55. Answers may vary 56. Answers may vary. 57. Answers may vary. 58. Answers may vary. 59. Answers may vary. 1. Stress is determined by person-environment fit. True False 2. During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. True False 3. Women are consistently more likely than men to respond to stress by turning to others. True False 4. Compared to positive events, negative events show a stronger relationship to psychological distress but not physical symptoms. True False 5. Children and adolescents who had recurrent or ongoing stressors in their lives exhibit larger diastolic blood pressure responses to acute laboratory stressors than children or adolescents with less background stress. True False 6. Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be particularly compromised by long-term stress. True False 7. Daily minor problems reduce psychological well-being in the short term, but do not produce physical symptoms. True False 8. Experiencing stressful life events is linked to cancer prognosis. True False 9. The perception of work overload shows a stronger relationship to physical health complaints and psychological distress than do objective measurements of workload. True False 10. Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events. True False 11. Stress can be defined as a negative emotional experience accompanied by A. biochemical changes. B. cognitive changes. C. behavioural changes. D. physiological changes. E. All of these answers are correct. 12. Which of the following could be considered a stressor? A. noise B. crowding C. commuting to work D. a bad relationship E. All of these answers are correct. 13. Most definitions of stress focus on A. stressful events. B. physiological changes. C. emotional changes. D. the subjective nature of stress. E. the relationship between the person and the environment. 14. The fight-or-flight response A. is never adaptive. B. involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. D. is subject to large individual differences. E. is more common in women than men. 15. Selye's (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated ______________ responses to stress. A. psychological B. gastrointestinal C. adrenomedullary D. adrenocortical E. immune 16. The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is A. alarm, resistance, exhaustion. B. exhaustion, resistance, alarm. C. resistance, alarm, exhaustion. D. resistance, exhaustion, alarm. E. alarm, exhaustion, resistance. 17. According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ______________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the physiological damage related to stress. A. alarm B. resistance C. exhaustion D. stressor E. immune 18. According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model A. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time. B. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship. C. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress. D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress. E. is inaccurate in that assumes people feel stress before it occurs. 19. The tend-and-befriend response to stress A. is especially characteristic of females. B. is related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin. C. may be protective of offspring. D. brings social behaviour into stress processes. E. All of these answers are correct. 20. Oxytocin A. is the primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response to stress. B. increases mothering behaviour. C. increases warm touching between couples. D. has effects that are unrelated to those of estrogen. E. is highly addictive. 21. The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability. D. resources. E. current physiological state. 22. The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's A. current emotional state. B. perception of the event. C. coping ability and resources. D. potential to overcome and profit from the event. E. current physiological state. 23. According to Lazarus's model, the subjective experience of stress is a result of A. the general adaptation syndrome. B. primary appraisal. C. secondary appraisal. D. the balance between primary and secondary appraisal. E. a low coping ability. 24. Research suggests that reactivity is related to individual differences in A. acute and chronic illness. B. psychological responses to stressors. C. primary and secondary appraisal. D. the general adaptation syndrome. E. the HPA system. 25. Allostatic load can be assessed by A. a high waist-to-hip ratio. B. problems with memory. C. decreases in cell-mediated immunity. D. the inability to shut off cortisol in response to stress. E. All of these answers are correct. 26. Studies of children exposed to noisy environments indicate that children A. eventually habituate to high levels of noise. B. who are exposed to noise exhibit performance decrements and learned helplessness. C. who are exposed to noise exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of learned helplessness. D. eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments. E. are generally more adaptive to noisy environments than other age groups. 27. Physiological habituation may not occur or may not be complete when stressors are A. family-related. B. work-related. C. short-term. D. long-term. E. low-level. 28. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with A. temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala. B. decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period. D. frequent emotional outbursts. E. improvement in memory and concentration. 29. In Glass and Singer's (1972) study of university students, it was found that the students exposed to _________________ performed worse on tasks given to them. A. intermittent bursts of noise B. over-crowding C. low-level light D. electric shock E. an overheated room 30. In the study of York University students, Friedlander et al. concluded that better adjustment of students was predicted by A. increased social support from family. B. increased social support from friends. C. increased financial support. D. the university's support system. E. All of these answers are correct. 31. The _______________ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses. A. acute stress B. induced disease C. SRRS D. hassles E. RLCQ 32. Stress in laboratory tests may be reduced by A. low-level background noise. B. high levels of natural light. C. the presence of a supportive other person. D. a spouse. E. a minor sedative. 33. According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it A. is negative. B. threatens one's self-concept. C. is long-term. D. requires substantial adjustment to the environment. E. requires habituation to environmental stressors. 34. According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), which of the following would be considered a stressful life event? A. lack of career fulfillment B. a significant change in job responsibilities C. questioning one's identity and goals D. birthdays E. All of these answers are correct. 35. Research examining the effects of stressful life events (SLE) has found that A. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is negligible. B. experiencing stressful life events was linked to cancer prognosis. C. experiencing stressful life events was linked to the development of colds following a laboratory based stress induction. D. the relationship between SLE scores and illness is unpredictable. E. experiencing stressful life events was linked to birth order. 36. Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. It is uncorrelated with illness and health behaviours. B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events. C. It only counts unresolved stressful events. D It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than . the severity and the duration of these illnesses. E. All of these answers are correct. 37. Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE)? A. Some of the items on the list are too specific. B. Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account. C. It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion. D. It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not. E. It is an outdated measure. 38. The occurrence of daily hassles A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poorer predictors of physical health than major life events. E. reduces psychological well-being over the long term. 39. Hassles are minor life events that A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness. B. are not confounded with mental and physical illness. C. have an objective, but not subjective, component. D. don't really affect physical health. E. don't actually have any effect on psychological well-being. 40. Daily hassles affect health through A. worsening of symptoms in those already suffering from illnesses. B. their links with healthy eating. C. wearing down the individual. D. interrupted sleep habits. E. an increase in blood pressure. 41. The study of women who were pregnant and living in Quebec during the ice storm of January 1998 found that A. children who were exposed in utero to a high level of stress from the ice storm scored lower on IQ. B. at five and half years old, children exposed in utero to the ice storm showed no effects C higher stress experienced by the mother during the ice storm was linked to poor cognitive and language . development in the children at age two. Dchildren exposed to a higher level of stress in utero had poorer cognitive and language development at . age two and scored lower on IQ and language tests at age five and a half. E. there was an increase in maternal tend-and-befriend behaviour. 42. A "risky family" environment A. is cold B. is unsupportive C. is neglectful D. has frequent episodes of anger and aggression E. All of these answers are correct. 43. Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of A. a stressor. B. a life event. C. daily hassles. D. chronic strain. E. post-traumatic stress disorder. 44. The stress from being bullied A. can have immediate effects on well-being B. can have long-lasting effects on well-being C. can put individuals at risk for burnout D. can put individuals at risk for developing physical health symptoms E. All of these answers are correct. 45. Bauman and Newman (2013) tested the hypothesis that cyberbullying resulted in higher levels of stress than other types of traditional bullying and found A. cyberbullying was moderately more distressing than traditional types of bullying B. traditional bullying was significantly more distressing than cyberbullying C. cyberbullying was more distressing for women but traditional bullying was more distressing for men D. cyberbullying was more distressing in young women than older women E. cyberbullying was not more distressing than traditional types of bullying 46. Workers who suffer from work overload _______________ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel more stressed B. practice poorer health habits C. sustain more health risks D. have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease E. All of these answers are correct. 47. Karoshi refers to A. sudden nocturnal death. B. death from overwork. C. stress-related mental illness. D. work overload. E. a higher level of stress on Mondays. 48. Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate conflicting expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of A. role ambiguity. B. role conflict. C. work pressure. D. role divergence. E. work ambiguity. 49. The inability to develop satisfying social relationships at work has been tied to A. job stress. B. psychological distress at work. C. poor physical and mental health. D. both psychological stress at work and poor physical and mental health. E. All of these answers are correct. 50. Karasek (1981) found that job strain can lead to A. depression. B. cancer. C. coronary artery disease. D. influenza. E. weight gain. 51. A stressful work environment A. is one where demands are high and support and control are low. B. is linked to higher rates of workplace bullying. C. can be a source of chronic strain for employees who have little power. D. All of these answers are correct. E. None of these answers are linked to a stressful work environment. 52. Workers who cannot participate actively in decisions about their jobs show higher rates of A. absenteeism. B. job turnover. C. tardiness. D. sabotage. E. All of these answers are correct. 53. Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that A. outside employment can be beneficial for women's well-being. B. having control and flexibility over the work environment reduces the likelihood of stress. C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress. D. may leave women vulnerable to depression. E. All of these answers are correct. 54. For men, _______________ moderates the stress-illness relationship. A. employment B. marriage C. satisfaction with the parent role D. social support E. All of these answers are correct. 55. Explain how stress is determined according to the "Person-Environment Fit". 56. Describe Lazarus's model of the role of psychological appraisal in the experience of stress. Explain how this model addresses the cognitive and emotional responses to stress. 57. Answer the text's question "Can people adapt to stress?" 58. A group of friends are discussing the different ways in which life can "get at you." Pat says it's the milestones in life that are most stressful, illustrating this point by describing several traumatic divorces and untimely deaths from which family members have yet to recover. On the other hand, Lee asserts that it's the little, constant annoyances in life that are most harmful to psychological and physical health, citing the annoyance experienced while commuting to work every day or coping with an intrusive landlord. Evaluate both of these arguments, citing research from the text. 59. How does workplace stress affect health? What are some of the ways to reduce occupational stress?