Parental Care in Amphibians

L.8 Parental Care In Amphibians:- Introduction:- The amphibians were the pioneers among the Verctubrcate to invade land. On coming to this new environment, they had to face many hostile forces and develop various ways and means to overcome the obstacles. Naturcally their breeding habit & the tendency fore on one ore morce parcents to reemains with the eggs is termed as parental care. Ways of Parrental carce:- The parcental carce in amphibia seems to have develop independently in the animal kingdom. But in a wider sense the carring of youngs is mainly occure by 2 types:- ay Indirect type by Direct type a) Indirect type:- i) selection of sites:- →The carring of eggs is reestricted to selecting sites in certain freegs &toads. In Rhacophorous schlegeli (Japanese Frog) the eggs are laid ore pond in hole in the & coverced by freom the predators! the muddy bank of foamyn muchs.to rivere Prievent The eggs arce washed out into the watere of reivere are Ponds by reain & development starts theirn. (com) i frothing of watere:- In Rhacophorous maculatus, the surrounding is made frothy by the wriggling movement of the hind limb just aftere laying the eggs. Formation of nest:- Aftere laying of the eggs parcents take carces of them by building nest. a mud nest :- eging ins. Halard & In Hylla faber, the male digs a little hole in the mud where the female lays the eggs & the excess mud acts as the wall of the nest. by Leaf nest:- In phyllo medusa (south American treee frog), the leaf nest is built by folding the mas margine of leafs. It has an aparcatus that the leafs margine at gluate together by the secretions of cloaca cloaca c) Treee nest- Triton frogs construct shoot nests by fixing the hode of Shoots of the trees in which eggs are deposited. The whole nest remains covered by a gelatinous secretion. dy Foam nest Mucus Many amphibians convert theire mucos secretion into the nest fore theire youngs. The south American Frog Lepidodactylus mystacinus of a frothy Mucus mass of muces fills thin holes near the watere and lays eggs in them. 7 The entirce nest seems to be a foam Sheet. Gelatinous Bags:- Some small aquatic Salamenderes, live salamandrill Salamandrailla keyserlingi, deposit 50-60 small eggs in gelatinous bags tied to the aquatic plant. Have your food by Direct type:- 1. Carrying eggs overe body: Some of the Amphibians are specialized in carrying theire eggs till hatching. The following mechanisms arce, noted fore this: is Coiling around the eggs!- In Amphiuma, Ichthyothics etc. the female lay's eggs in a burrow & carefully & guard them by corling her body around the eg eggs In Luntil hatch. medalobatrachus maximus, it Cod's arereound the eggs. is the male who Egg glued to the body Many amphibians instead of remaining with the eggs carry the eggs glued theire body. In dusky Salamandere (Desmognathus fuscus) female carrying the Strings of eggs while arround the neck. In. Rhacophorous reticulatus the eggs arce glued to the belly of female... + In Alyles obustreicams, female lays eggs & males entangle them arround is hind legs till hatching. Eggs in back pouches :- Some marsupia frogs, like Hylla geldii, have a paret on the back of the female's front forem, the Posteri, a Soret on the incipient brood pouch in which eggs remain exposed. 7 In Nototriema, the eggs arre covered by: Shin Single large bread pouch which opens posteriordy infront of the cloacal apparcaturce foremangg Oregans of brooding Pouch? In some friogs, theire arce interenal origans like vocal Sac (Rhinoderma), bucal cavity (Mylambatee), mouth (Arethrioleptis) & stomach (Rheobatraches) Keep atleast some fertilised eggs fore hatching. 2. Carreying larvae from one place to another:- wood ant of boule In Arethrroleptis, the larvae aree attached to the males & arte carried from one place to othere. At the time of danger, they arce kept inside the bucal cavity. 3. Placement of eggs in safest fast- In. Geotrypetes, the eggs arre yolkya migrate to the last part of Oviduct. The eggs reemain there till hatching. In Rhinoderma darusini, the eggs arce swallowed by the males & are placed inside the vocal sac. 4. viviparcity:- This is the condition where the female frog gives birith to youngs. This is the modification of uterus Where the - fertilized eggs This modificatio are hatched directly into young ones. This modification is obsereved in salamandrea atria and Salamandra maculosa. The larvae remain attach to the uterine wall by the help of a membrane, which functions as a placenta. The bread vasculare tail also helps in metabolic exchanges.