The Axial Skeleton Worksheet

The Axial Skeleton Worksheet How many bones are common to all humans? 206 bones and 25 muscles What are the two groups of the adult skeleton? 1. axial skeleton: longitudinal axis (running through center of gravity), skull, hyoid, ribs, sternum, vertebrae (26) 2. appendicular skeleton: appendages, upper and lower extremities and how they attach (pectoral/shoulder and pelvic girdle/hip) Skull Bones 1. How many cranial bones and how many facial bones? 8 cranial bones and facial 14 These bones started as individual connective tissue muscles/cartilage that eventually ossified and as you grow, they meet and fuse together 2. Label the pictures with the following terms and also define each term (Cranial bones) Cranial bones encase the brain. Brain cage: Completely closed, only way in or out is through holes (for nerves, blood vessels). Every feature on a bone has a function (hole for passage of a nerve or blood vessel, rough raised area for attachment of a tendon) a. b. c. d. e. f. Frontal bone= Parietal bone (2) = Occipital bone= Temporal bone (2) = Sphenoid bone= Ethmoid bone= (Facial bones) g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. Maxilla= Palatine bone= Zygoma= Lacrimal bone= Nasal bone= Vomer= Inferior nasal concha= Mandible= A 3. Other terms to know: Mastoid process= Temporalis muscle= Occipital condyle= External auditory meatus= Cribriform plate= Palatine process= Sella turcica= Paranasal air sinuses= Sutures, Fontanels, and the Hyoid Bone 1. Match the following: Suture _B___ A. Membranous tissue where sutures haven’t completely fused Coronal suture _D___ B. A fairly rigid joint between two or more hard elements of an organism Sagittal suture _G___ C. The suture outlining the temporal bones Lamboidal suture __E__ D. The suture that separates the frontal and parietal bones Squamousal suture ___C_ E. The suture separating the parietal and occipital bones Fontanel__A__ (brain growth) F. The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Hyoid bone _F___ G. The suture between the parietal bones 2. Label the pictures below (first one label with sutures, second one label with fontanels) 3. Why are fontanels important? Typical Vertebrae, Vertebral Column, Intervertebral Discs, and Vertebral Curves 1. How many total vertebrae do we have? Cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar? Sacrum? Coccyx? 2. Define the different parts of a vertebra and label the image below Body (centrum)= Vertebral foramen= Vertebral arch= Pedicle Lamina Spinous process= Transverse processes= Articulating processes= Vertebral notches= 3. What is a costal facet? 4. What is the function of the vertebral column? 5. What are the three names of vertebrae and how many of each do we have? 6. Define transverse foramen and intervertebral foramen 7. What are atlas and axis? 8. Label the following diagram (intervertebral foramen, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, atlas, axis, intervertebral disc) 9. What is an intervertebral disc and what are the two components? 10. Label the diagram below with the vertebral curves and when they form 11. Which vertebral curves are the primary curves? Which are the secondary curves? What is the difference between both? Thoracic Cage and Ribs 1. Label the following image with these terms and define each term: Sternum= Manubrium= Body (gladiolus)= Xiphoid process= Costal cartilages= Vertebral bodies= 2. How many pairs of ribs do we have? Which are true, which are false, and which are floating? What is the difference between these types of ribs? REVIEW Fill in the blanks: 1. 2. 3. 4. The large opening found in the occipital bone is known as the _foramen magnum____? The _ sella turcica ____ of the sphenoid bone houses the pituitary gland The occipital condyles directly articulate with the C1 vertebra known as the _atlas___ A _cervical___ vertebra has the following characteristics: small body, bifid spinous process, transverse processes, and transverse foramina 5. Below the eye is a paranasal air sinus within the substance of the _maxilla__ bone 6. The lamboidal suture is located between the a. b. c. d. e. Frontal and parietal bones Parietal and temporal bones Temporal and occipital bones Parietal and occipital bones Two parietal bones 7. Which of the following curvatures of the adult vertebral column is present before birth a. b. c. d. e. Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Both thoracic and lumbar Both cervical and thoracic 8. When doing CPR, to move blood out of the heart you always find the inferior end of the sternum as a landmark and then move superiorly before beginning compression. The inferior end of the sternum that you do not want to compress is the: a. b. c. d. Manubrium Body Gladiolus Xiphoid process e. Costal facet 9. Fontanels are: a. b. c. d. e. Spaces between unfused cranial bones in the infant skull Thin cartilages joining cranial bones during development Fibrous connective tissues lining the cranial cavity Fibrous connective tissues lining the paranasal air sinuses Fibrous connective tissues from which new bone arises in the head 10. A rib articulates with the vertebral column by: a. Two articular facets on its head for adjacent vertebral bodies and one articular facet on its tubercle for its matching transverse process b. One articular facet on its head for its matching vertebral body and one articular facet on its tubercle for its matching transverse process c. A single articular facet on its head for its matching vertebral body d. A single articular facet on its tubercle for its matching transverse process