According to Erikson, Adolescents Are In The Stage Of

Multiple-Choice Questions A) B) C) D) 1. According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of: identity versus role confusion. intimacy versus isolation. independence versus neediness. integration versus separation. A) B) C) D) 2. According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to: abandon parental goals. find one's own identity. attain independence from one's peer group. form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex. A) B) C) D) 3. Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question: “What am I going to do with my life?” “Will I ever find someone to love?” “Who am I?” “Why don't my parents understand me?” A) B) C) D) 4. Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n): soul mate. career. set of behaviors to please others. understanding of oneself. A) B) C) D) 5. According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity: diffusion. achievement. foreclosure. moratorium. A) B) C) D) 6. Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing: an appropriate adult “hero figure.” values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars. to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others. one sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences. A) B) C) D) 7. Following Erikson's lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with this life stage. Baumrind Freud Marcia Skinner 8. A) Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, “Whatever.” Andrew's response indicates: role confusion. B) C) D) identity achievement. identity foreclosure. moratorium. A) B) C) D) 9. When a person adopts parents' or society's roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity: moratorium. foreclosure. diffusion. achievement. 10. A) B) C) D) An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is: dropping out of high school. choosing a different career path than what parents wanted. being eager to vote. working in the family business because it is expected. 11. Without any thoughtful consideration, Sean took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Sean has adopted a(n): A) negative identity. B) positive identity. C) non-identity. D) over identity. 12. Angel's parents wanted him to be part of the family business—and Angel planned to do so. Then, at age 21, he decided to leave the business to study to be a priest. Angel resisted: A) identity foreclosure. B) forced conversion. C) role repudiation. D) negative identity. 13. According to Erikson, the identity status characterized by not questioning and making no commitment is: A) achievement. B) foreclosure. C) diffusion. D) moratorium. 14. A) B) C) D) Identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents: pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives. form their identity prematurely. do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role. understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned. 15. Identity diffusion is typically characterized by: B) C) D) apathy. foreclosure. following one's heart. commitment to a cause. 16. A) B) C) D) Which adolescent appears to be experiencing identity diffusion? Jeannine, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune Fred, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor Barbara, a college student who frequently changes majors Zachary, who spends most of his time hanging out and seems apathetic 17. The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as: A) identity diffusion. B) role confusion. C) negative identity. D) moratorium. 18. A) B) C) D) In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to: go to college. get married. have a baby. smoke marijuana. 19. A) B) C) D) During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically: ignore their future roles and responsibilities. take on a temporary role and postpone making career decisions. change their identity from that of their youth. adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own. 20. Barrett is serving a 2-year mission for his church at the age of 19. When he returns home from his mission assignment, he will decide whether or not to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Barrett's current status is identity: A) foreclosure. B) moratorium. C) diffusion. D) achievement. 21. Harold readily adopted his parent's religious faith without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in religious events with his parents. His identity status reflects: A) diffusion. B) achievement. C) foreclosure. D) moratorium. 22. A) B) C) D) According to Erikson, what is one of the four aspects of identity? physical political familial economic 23. A) B) C) D) _____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they've grown up. Few About half of all About three-fourths of all Almost all 24. A) B) C) D) Identity politics refers to the tendency to: affiliate strongly with one political party. carefully weigh the issues promoted by the major political parties. automatically assume one's parents' political stance. vote for people of one's own race, religion, ethnicity, or gender. 25. A) B) C) D) Research indicates that adolescents who work 20 hours a week or more: save more money for college. are more likely to love their work in adulthood. create a stronger vocational identity early on. tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school. 26. People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity. A) gender B) ethnic C) heterosexual D) foreclosed 27. A) B) C) D) Gender refers to: the cultural or social attributes of being male or female. the biological characteristics of being male or female. homophobia. one's sexual orientation. 28. Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique's: A) sex. B) gender identity. C) sexual orientation. D) gender. 29. A) B) C) D) Which statement is an example of a gender role? A man should be the primary wage earner. A baby is born with reproductive organs for both sexes. A biological male decides to undergo an operation to become a woman. A woman decides to try dating men and women. 30. In typical relationships, one would expect the MOST bickering between: A) grandparents and teens. B) adolescents and older siblings. C) D) fathers and sons. 31. Shortly after Brittany turned 18, she developed a newfound appreciation of her parents. What contributed to her change in attitude? A) less resistance and more placation B) her parents are allowing more independence C) a more developed prefrontal cortex D) self-reflection and humility 32. A) B) C) D) In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in: late childhood. early adolescence. late adolescence. emerging adulthood. 33. A) B) C) D) Bickering between parents and teenagers is most likely to: to be about religious beliefs. signal of pathology in the family. concern personal habits and dress. increase steadily between the ages of 13 and 19. 34. A) B) C) D) Parent-child arguments during the teen years indicate: a disturbed parent-child relationship. poor parenting skills. teenage depression. children's desire for autonomy. 35. A) B) C) D) Which type of parenting is most effective during adolescence? authoritative neglectful authoritarian permissive 36. A) B) C) D) According to the text, which are two of the aspects of family closeness? communication and autonomy support and connectedness connectedness and authority openness and control 37. Eva is about to become a teenage mother. Based on recent research, she and her child will better handle the situation if her parents: A) assume care for Eva and her child. B) adopt Eva's child and raise the child as their own. C) encourage Eva to move out of the house to raise her baby alone. D) are supportive, but do not assume complete care for her child. 38. Identify the accurate statement concerning parental connectedness and control in parentadolescent interactions. A) B) C) D) These aspects are always constructive. These aspects are always destructive. Whether these aspects are constructive or destructive depends on the situation. Whether these aspects are constructive or destructive depends on the sex of the child. 39. A) B) C) D) Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is: rigid and controlling. part of a warm, supportive relationship. relaxed and permissive. part of authoritarian parenting. 40. A father's awareness of where his teenagers are, what they are doing, and with whom they are doing it is referred to as: A) parental monitoring. B) generational stake. C) overcontrolling. D) connectedness. 41. Abbie is aware of where her son is whenever he goes out, and she requires him to call if there is any change in plans. This is an example of: A) generational stake. B) foreclosure for her son. C) parental monitoring. D) negative control. 42. A) B) C) D) Restrictive and controlling parenting practices are associated with: a well-behaved adolescent. adolescent depression. adolescent achievement. closeness with parents. 43. Nate's parents are restrictive and controlling. Compared with Nate's peers whose parents engage in less psychological control, Nate is more likely to be: A) addicted to drugs or alcohol. B) involved with weapons. C) depressed. D) a delinquent. 44. A) B) C) D) _____ expressed the belief that adolescents must rebel in order to become healthy adults. Sigmund Freud Jean Piaget B. F. Skinner Anna Freud 45. In Western cultures the idea that a certain amount of adolescent rebellion is normal and perhaps even healthy reflects a: A) cultural mandate. B) social construction. C) culturally dependent contrivance. D) social fallacy. 46. Miko is a 16-year-old girl who lives in Japan with her family. If she is typical, she will MOST likely seek her parents' advice on: A) music. B) clothes. C) friends. D) romance. 47. A) B) C) D) The urge to conform to one's peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as: conformation. adolescent burden. generation gap. peer pressure. 48. A) B) C) D) Peer pressure usually leads to: law-breaking behaviors. use of drugs and alcohol. pressure to have sex. socially desirable behaviors. 49. Chris typically can be found with the same group of close friends on the gym steps at lunchtime. He and his friends do not ask others to sit with them. Psychologists call Chris's group a: A) clique. B) cluster. C) crowd. D) crew. 50. A) B) C) D) Adolescent romantic partners: are likely to be same-sex. usually become lifelong life partners. have more in common with each other than in adult couples. have less in common with each other than in adult couples. 51. Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided _____ to Robert. A) criminal coaching B) deviancy training C) delinquent apprenticeship D) offender initiation 52. Several of Jamel's friends agree to gather Thursday evening and study for their physics exam, and they invite him to come along. Jamel's friends are: A) selecting destructive behaviors. B) facilitating constructive behaviors. C) providing deviancy training. D) being monitored by parents. 53. A) B) C) D) At age 17, Gage aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he grew closer to students with deep musical interests, and he drifted away from other friends who were more engaged in sports. This illustrates peer: exclusion. facilitation. selection. focus. 54. Mr. and Mrs. Cortina have discovered that their son has been skipping classes and cutting school with a group of boys. Which conclusion is MOST likely true? A) The group has led their innocent son astray. B) The behavior is nothing to worry about. C) The group is more rebellious than the individuals are alone. D) Their son chose this group because he shares their interests. 55. A) B) C) D) Which statement is false? Teen births have decreased in every nation. Teen use of contraception has risen. Teen abortions are less common than they were 20 years ago. Youth continue to report sexual activity at younger and younger ages. 56. Data indicates a marked decline in _____ rates among immigrant women in the U.S., at least in part because these women expect to attend post-secondary education. A) teenage pregnancy B) graduation rates C) housework D) contraception use 57. A study of adult women in the United States found that those who voluntarily had sex before the age of 16 were: A) likely to have a successful marriage as an adult. B) likely to birth control. C) not likely to use birth control. D) likely to get a divorce as an adult. 58. The term that describes one having erotic desires about the same sex, the opposite sex or both sexes is: A) sexual identity. B) sexual orientation. C) sexuality. D) gender identity. 59. Hector is 15 years old and does not identify with his biological sex. He feels he is in the wrong body, but does not have the support he needs to transition into another gender easily. According to the DSM-5, Hector may suffer from: A) gender dysphoria. B) gender-role disorder. C) sexual disorientation. D) bisexuality. 60. A recent study of teens in New York City found the teens MOST at risk for sexual violence and STIs had: A) exclusively same-sex partners. B) exclusively opposite-sex partners. C) gender-identity disorder. D) both same-sex and opposite-sex partners. 61. A) B) C) D) Which developed nation has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy? Canada Sweden the United States Holland 62. Which statement is true? A) Children of young parents have more medical, educational, and social problems than children of older parents. B) Children of older parents have more medical, educational, and social problems than children of young parents. C) Children of young and older parents have the same rate of medical, educational, and social problems. D) Children's rate of medical, educational, and social problems is completely unrelated to their parents' age. 63. A) B) C) D) Child sexual abuse: most often instigated by strangers. is quite rare in all cultures and countries. includes only activities that involve genital contact. is most common when the first signs of puberty occur. 64. A) B) C) D) Which problem shows no signs of abating? teenage pregnancy STIs sexual abuse abortions 65. Those who have sexual intercourse before the age of 16 are _____ likely to catch a STI than those who begin sexual activity after age 19. A) less B) twice as C) three times more D) four times more 66. A) B) C) D) In communities and families that forbid adolescent sex, teenagers are: not likely to receive medical care when they contract an STI. likely to use condoms when they have sex. not likely to spread STIs. likely to have access to comprehensive sex education. 67. Teenagers have _____ rate of gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia when compared to sexually active people of other age groups. A) B) C) D) a lower the same a higher an unknown 68. Which statement about child sexual abuse has research shown to be false? A) Long-term consequences can be mitigated if the abuse stops quickly and the child feels protected. B) Most cases are reported to authorities, even if not all abusers are prosecuted. C) The consequences of abuse can impact the offspring of the abuse victims. D) The cognitive and psychosocial effects of sex abuse can be worse than the biological harm it causes. 69. A young boy experienced ongoing sexual abuse until he was 15. Now that he is a grown man, it is likely that he: A) has forgotten the experiences over time. B) suffers from biological harm resulting from the abuse. C) is depressed and has difficulty with sex or other psychosocial problems. D) has outgrown the biological and psychosocial effects of the abuse. 70. One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because: A) most European schools begin offering sex education in elementary school. B) European teenagers live at home longer. C) American parents are too permissive. D) European teens reach puberty later. 71. A) B) C) D) Research indicates that the sexually active teens MOST apt to have an STI have parents who: tell their children too many details about sex. provide condoms and other contraception options. limit their child's exposure to the media. tell their children about sex and then instruct them to avoid it. 72. The abstinence-only sex-education program that was widely promoted in the United States in 1998 resulted in _____ sexual activity by teenagers. A) a dramatic reduction in B) a reduced incidence of C) no significant impact on D) increased 73. A) B) C) D) Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are: happier. more carefree. less self-confident. more focused. 74. A) B) C) In general, as children become adolescents, their self-esteem: rises. declines. rises then declines. D) remains stable. 75. Luis was raised to believe that he is intelligent, skilled, and protected by his family. During adolescence, he will most likely exhibit _____ in self-confidence. A) an increase B) a decrease C) no change D) a significant increase 76. A) B) C) D) The cultural norm of familism often: demands that individual family members take care of themselves at a very early age. fails to provide family members with a cushion during stressful life experiences. requires family members to make sacrifices for the good of the whole. undermines familial solidarity. 77. A) B) C) D) Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent girls is affected by clinical depression. 2 5 10 100 78. A) B) C) D) Approximately 1 in _____ adolescent boy is affected by clinical depression. 2 5 10 100 79. One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who: A) ruminate. B) are suicidal. C) come from high-SES backgrounds. D) come from low-SES backgrounds. 80. Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving the fight is known as: A) rumination. B) reminiscence. C) obsession. D) fixation. 81. A) B) C) D) Suicidal ideation refers to: a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death. thinking about suicide. the belief that suicide is an effective way of getting back at one's parents or peers. feelings of sadness or hopelessness. 82. Lydia finds that she often thinks about killing herself. This is called: A) B) C) D) parasuicide. self-destructive behavior deliberate suicide. suicide ideation. 83. A) B) C) D) Parasuicide refers to: a suicide attempt that does not end in death. helping someone else to commit suicide. several people in a group committing suicide. the serious consideration of suicide. 84. A) B) C) D) What is more common in adolescent boys than in adolescent girls? serious consideration of suicide parasuicide completed suicide cluster suicide 85. All of the following are reasons why the adolescent suicide rate seems worse than it actually is EXCEPT? A) The statistics include 18 to 25 year olds. B) Adolescent suicides capture media attention. C) Parasuicide is more common during adolescence. D) The rate is higher than it has been in past decades. 86. A) B) C) D) Several suicides within the same group of people in a brief period are called _____ suicides. cult pact planned cluster 87. Many longitudinal studies have shown that _____ anger during adolescence is normal and that most adolescents express their anger in _____ ways. A) increased; acceptable B) decreased; acceptable C) increased; illegal D) decreased; illegal 88. A) B) C) D) Identify the accurate statement about adolescent crime. The majority of adolescent lawbreakers are caught. Virtually every adolescent boy has broken a law by the age of 21. Chronic offenders tend to be teens convicted of many violent offenses. Teen girls tend to commit more crimes than teen boys. 89. A) B) C) D) Arrest statistics do not accurately reflect the prevalence of adolescent delinquency because: older criminals lie about their age. only about one-fourth of adolescent offenders are caught. more juvenile offenses lead to arrest than do adult crimes. police downplay juvenile crimes. 90. A) B) C) D) An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who: attacks only other adolescents. stops committing crimes by age 21. is never arrested. is a juvenile delinquent. 91. An individual who commits crimes during adolescence but stops by the age of 21 is considered a(n): A) repeat offender. B) career criminal. C) life-course-persistent offender. D) adolescence-limited offender. 92. A) B) C) D) Life-course-persistent offenders: may show signs of neurological impairment. have after-school jobs they dislike. tend to be involved in school activities. are unlikely to end up in prison. 93. According to the text, which is NOT a possible reason for the decrease in juvenile criminal behavior? A) fewer school dropouts B) lenient drug laws C) smaller families D) less lead poisoning 94. A) B) C) D) Inhalants, which are used more by younger adolescents to get high, include: marijuana. cocaine. tobacco. aerosols. 95. A) B) C) D) Drug use before the age of 18: is rare because it is illegal. is statistically lower than drug use at age 15. predicts later drug abuse. usually only involves experimentation with alcohol. 96. A) B) C) D) The two most common drugs used by adolescents are: inhalants and alcohol. tobacco and alcohol. marijuana and alcohol. prescription drugs and tobacco. 97. A) B) C) D) Which statement does NOT reflect how culture and gender influence drug use? In the United States, boys use more steroids than girls do. In Canada where cigarette ads are banned, fewer adolescents smoke. Cigarettes, alcohol, and other drugs can impact development. More adolescents in Kentucky have smoked cigarettes than those in Utah. 98. A) B) C) D) Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by: damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. damaging heart and lungs. increasing blood pressure. causing strokes in the brain. 99. A) B) C) D) Most drug abuse begins: as social use. as hidden, individual use. with heavy, illegal drugs. with the onset of puberty. 100. A) B) C) D) When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term “generational forgetting” means that: adults turn a blind eye to youthful experimentation. youth seek to get high and forget their age. adolescents gather with others of their cohort to experiment with drugs. the new generation ignores what adults have learned about the hazards of drugs. 101. One study found that less than _____ percent of parents of 6th graders thought their children had tried alcohol, yet _____ percent of the children said they had. A) 5: 45 B) 3: 45 C) 1: 22 D) 1: 10 102. Which factor has NOT contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States? A) higher cigarette prices B) the legal smoking age C) warnings printed on tobacco products D) better law enforcement of tobacco sales True-False Questions 103. According to Erikson, the ultimate goal of the identity crisis is identity achievement. A) True B) False 104. Identity achievement involves a denial of past experiences and childhood identifications. A) True B) False 105. Sixteen-year-old Andrea quit school, lost her job as a waitress, and spends most of her time online in chat rooms. When her parents voiced their disapproval, she replied, “Leave me alone!” Andrea's behavior shows identity diffusion. A) True B) False 106. Hermione accepts her parent's religious faith without question. She is happy and enjoys participating in religious events with them. Hermione's behavior shows identity moratorium. A) True B) False 107. Moratorium is an identity status that is considered to be a more mature response to identity exploration than foreclosure. A) True B) False 108. The four areas of identify formation identified by Erikson include religious, political, familial, and physical identities. A) True B) False 109. Most adolescent voters affiliate strongly with one political party over another. A) True B) False 110. Identity politics are the tendency to identify with and vote for people of one's own race, ethnicity, religion, or gender. A) True B) False 111. A person's gender identity always reflects biological characteristics. A) True B) False 112. Part-time employment during the teenage years can cause problems if the teenager works too many hours. A) True B) False 113. Gender identity refers primarily to a person's self-definition as a male or a female. A) True B) False 114. Mother-son pairs tend to bicker more than mother-daughter pairs. A) True B) False 115. The four aspects of family closeness discussed in the textbook are communication, support, connectedness, and control. A) True B) False 116. Parental monitoring, even if restrictive and controlling, does not usually cause detrimental effects. A) True B) False 117. Positive examples of peer-group pressure that have been noted in research include pressure to study and to avoid cigarette smoking. A) True B) False 118. Cliques are more inclusive than crowds. A) True B) False 119. Teenage romantic relationships are often selected based on social connections and status with peer groups. A) True B) False 120. Early other-sex interactions occur mostly in groups; intimacy with a member of the other sex usually does not occur until late adolescence. A) True B) False 121. Amy and Liam, currently college freshmen, have been dating exclusively since their sophomore year of high school. Their early, exclusive relationship signals emotional maturity. A) True B) False 122. Contrary to adult fears, many teenage romances do not include sexual intercourse. A) True B) False 123. Research indicates that well-being is diminished and drug use increases in adolescents who are confused about their sexuality. A) True B) False 124. Research on New York City teenagers indicates that adolescent sexual behavior is ALWAYS closely aligned with sexual orientation. A) True B) False 125. The abstinence-only sex education program that was widely promoted in the United States starting in 1998 has had little to no impact on reducing teenage sexual activity. A) True B) False 126. A controlled study of sex education in the United Kingdom found that whether or not an adolescent becomes sexually active depends more on family, peers, and culture than on information from sex education classes. A) True B) False 127. Some of the problems associated with teenage pregnancy, including malnourishment and postponed prenatal care, depend mostly on the SES of the expectant mother. A) True B) False 128. Familism refers to parents' ongoing awareness of their children's activities and friendships. A) True B) False 129. The rate of clinical depression is higher for teenage boys than it is for teenage girls. A) True B) False 130. Genetic vulnerability is a contributing cause of depression during adolescence. A) True B) False 131. The rate of clinical depression in teenage girls triples during the teen years. A) True B) False 132. The process of rumination helps adolescents recover more quickly from the effects of difficult experiences. A) True B) False 133. Experts prefer the term “failed suicide attempt” instead of “parasuicide.” A) True B) False 134. Emerging adults are more likely to commit suicide than are adolescents. A) True B) False 135. Several suicides that occur within a group over a brief span of time are called crowd suicides. A) True B) False 136. The completed suicide rate is higher for males than for females. A) True B) False 137. Most adolescent boys engage in some law-breaking behaviors while in their teens. A) True B) False 138. About one-fourth of adolescent lawbreakers are never caught. A) True B) False 139. Most adolescence-limited offenders become career criminals. A) True B) False 140. Most adolescents who try drugs experiment with psychoactive drugs. A) True B) False 141. In much of the Middle East, alcohol is illegal and teenagers almost never drink. A) True B) False 142. In most European nations alcohol is widely used by adolescents and even children. A) True B) False 143. In Indonesia, 38 percent of women smoke because cigarettes are closely tied to sexual allure. A) True B) False 144. Alcohol affects adolescents more than adults due to their brain immaturity. A) True B) False 145. Alcohol is widely enjoyed in North America and is only infrequently abused. A) True B) False 146. Advertisements and curricula that rely on scare tactics can actually increase drug use by making it seem exciting. A) True B) False Fill-In-The-Blank Questions 147. According to Erikson, the crisis in adolescence is resolved with identity ______. 148. The process of identity exploration today takes ______ time than it typically did in the twentieth century. 149. _____ is characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values. 150. When young people accept traditional values without question, it is called identity ______. 151. According to Erikson, the four aspects of identity are _____, political, vocational, and sexual. 152. ______ includes the roles and behaviors that society associates with the cultural and social characteristics appropriate for males and females. 153. _____ is a type of parent-adolescent conflict that is usually repeated and ongoing and concerns small day-to-day matters. 154. Family closeness has four aspects: communication, support, _____, and control. 155. Parental ______ refers to parents being aware of where their children are and what they are doing. 156. In adolescence, ______ can be negative, such as when it promotes conformance to deviant standards, or positive, such as when it promotes refraining from smoking. 157. A cluster of close friends who are loyal to one another and who exclude outsiders is called a(n) _____. 158. Peers can provide _____, whereby one teen shows another how to circumvent laws or adult restrictions. 159. The developed country with the highest rate of teen births is _____. 160. _____ describes the direction of a person's erotic desires. 161. Child ______ is any activity that sexually stimulates an adult and involves a juvenile. 162. Any disease transmitted through sexual contact is a(n) _____. 163. According to one study, sexual content appears about seven times per hour in the TV shows most watched by _____. 164. A controlled nationwide study of sex education in the United States showed that whether an adolescent becomes sexually active depends largely on his or her _____, peers, and culture. 165. ______ is defined as marked feelings of deep sadness and hopelessness leading to a disruption of normal activities. 166. ______ or mentally replaying past experiences, contributes to depression, especially in girls. 167. Suicidal ______ refers to thinking about suicide. 168. ______ includes any deliberate self-harm that could have been lethal. 169. When an adolescent suicide is well publicized and seems to make a strong impression on other adolescents in the community, adults must be alert to prevent ______. 170. The term _____ offender refers to individuals whose criminal activity stops by age 21. 171. Both the prevalence and incidence of drug use _____ from about age 10 to 25. 172. Adolescent boys use _____ drugs than girls of the same age. 173. One negative effect of _____ is that it impairs digestion and nutrition and slows growth. 174. _____ forgetting is the idea that each new generation disregards what the previous generation learned. 175. Research confirms that ______ continue to be the most influential factor in a teenager's drug use, especially in the use of alcohol and tobacco. Essay Questions 176. Define and give an example of each these terms: gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation. 177. Identify and define the four specific ways young people cope with the search for identity, as defined by James Marcia. 178. Differentiate between adolescent cliques and crowds. 179. An acquaintance claims that he “fell in with the wrong crowd” in adolescence and as a result engaged in many delinquent activities he wouldn't have otherwise done. Evaluate this claim. Do adolescents actually “fall into the wrong crowd” or do they seek out friends with common interests? Do adolescents do things in crowds that they wouldn't do on their own? 180. Describe two of the main functions of a peer group during adolescence. Give examples of how your adolescent peer group functioned in these ways. 181. Identify four sources for information about sex during adolescents. What kind of information does each source provide? How effective is it in encouraging healthy and safe sexual attitudes and experiences? 182. What is rumination, and how does it potentially relate to depression and suicide in adolescent girls? 183. How do the rates of suicidal ideation, parasuicide, and completed suicide compare for adolescent males and females in the United States? Why do these rates differ? 184. Compare and contrast adolescence-limited offenders to life-course-persistent offenders. Describe the behaviors typical of each type of offender and the correlation between these types of offenders and parenting styles. 185. Discuss some of the physical and emotional problems that alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana cause for teenagers. Text-Based Questions 186. Why do many teenagers find it hard to achieve sexual identity? 187. How could adolescent rebellion be considered a good sign? 188. Who is the best source for sex education during adolescence? 189. Is adolescent suicide rare, common, or an epidemic? 190. When does drug use become drug abuse? 191. What are the differences between identity achievement and role confusion? 192. What role do parents play in religious and political identity? 193. What are some of the potentially negative consequences for teens who work part-time jobs while in school? 194. In what crucial way do the terms "sexual identity" and "gender identity" differ? 195. Why do parents and adolescents often bicker? 196. What four factors affect family closeness? Why is each factor important? 197. How and when can peer pressure be helpful and how can it be harmful? 198. What are the roles of parents, peers, and society in helping an adolescent to develop an ethnic identity? 199. What evidence is there that teenagers today are sexually healthier than teenagers a few decades ago? 200. What are Dunphy's four stages of male-female relationships? 201. What factors influence sexual activity? Explain. 202. How does culture affect the development of sexual orientation? 203. What risks are associated with teenage pregnancy, for both the mother and the child? 204. Why is it harmful for a young adolescent and an adult to have sex? 205. Why is it difficult to know what influence the media has on adolescents having sex? 206. In terms of learning about sex from parents, what seems to be the most influential factor? 207. Why might peers be an unreliable source of information about sex? 208. What are the variations in sex education in schools, and how does this affect adolescent sexual behavior? 209. Among sexually active people, why do adolescents have more STIs than adults? 210. What gender differences are evident in depression, and why? 211. What gender differences are evident in suicide, and why? 212. What factors make serious delinquency more likely, and what factors decrease the risk? 213. What variations in adolescent drug use are evident? Why? 214. Why are psychoactive drugs particularly destructive in adolescence? 215. What works and doesn't work in reducing adolescent drug use? Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. A B C D B C C A B D A A C C A D D A B B C B A D D A A B 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. A C B B C D A B D C B A C B C D B D D D A D B B C D D A D B A D C A D B B A C B C A D C C B B C B C D A B D A C D 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. D A B B B D A B D C B C A A D C B A B A B A B B A B A A B A B A B A A B A A B A A B B B A B B B A B A A B B A A A 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. B A B A achievement more Role confusion (Identity diffusion) foreclosure religious Gender identity Bickering connectedness monitoring peer pressure clique deviancy training the United States Sexual orientation sexual abuse sexually-transmitted infection (STI) adolescents (teens, teenagers) family Depression (Clinical depression) Rumination ideation Parasuicide cluster suicides adolescence-limited increase more tobacco Generational parents Gender identity is a relatively broad term that indicates a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society imposes upon the biological categories of being male or female. Gender roles are a subcategory of gender identity, and refer to specific patterns of behavior that apply to males and females. Sexual orientation refers to a person's sexual attraction, be it the same sex, the opposite sex, or both. Examples will vary but should demonstrate understanding of the terms. 177. Role confusion is the opposite of identity achievement, and is a state in which the young person does not know or seem to care what his or her identity is. Identity foreclosure is a state in which a young person accepts, without question, the values of the culture around them; it is comfortable but often temporary. Moratorium is a “time out” that includes some opportunity for exploration without committing to a particular path. College, for many, provides such an opportunity. Finally, identity achievement is the point at which an individual understands and accepts who he or she is as a unique individual. 178. Cliques are groups of close friends who are loyal to each other and exclude adolescents outside of the group. Crowds are larger groups who have something in common but may not be friends. Crowds are often based on race, ethnicity, common interests, or personal characteristics. 179. Adolescents do not, under usual circumstances, fall in with the wrong crowd. They seek out peers who are similar to them in values and interests. However, negative peer influence can be stronger in times of uncertainty, such as when a student is new to a school. It is true that adolescents behave in ways together that they would not do individually. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. Peers can support the changes associated with adolescence, they can allow for experimentation with identity, they can be a sounding board, and they can help to negotiate conflicts at home or with one's culture. Students should provide specific examples of how their peer groups functioned in these ways. Adolescents can learn about sex from the media, from parents (or family), from peers, and in school. The media tends to portray many steamy sexual encounters free from potential consequences and without much real information. It is unclear if exposure to sex through media encourages sexual activity or if those who are sexuality active seek out sexual content in the media; regardless, it appears that the media does not play the biggest role in influencing behavior and attitudes. Parents, however, do play a major role in educating about sexuality, though the kind of information provided and the impact of that information varies by family. Most effective are parents who maintain open, loving relationships that encourage open communication. Adolescents whose parents give information followed by stern warnings simply to avoid sex tend to be the most likely to contract a STI. Behavior is strongly influenced by peers, especially when parental communication about sex is absent or incomplete. Peers tend to discuss details of encounters and partners may give each other instructions on techniques, but rarely is protection from pregnancy or disease a topic of conversation. Finally, schools provide some information, though what information is presented varies by place and according to the culture and politics of a given community. While studies of European nations that have a comprehensive sex education curriculum suggest that teen pregnancy and disease may be impacted by the presence of such information in formal learning environments, other studies indicate that family, peers, and culture play a bigger role than school-based sex education in shaping adolescent sexual behavior. Rumination is the act of repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences, and is more common in girls than in boys. If rumination focuses on negative events, it can lead to depression. However, rumination can be provide a helpful warning sign of distress, as when discussing painful or sad experiences with friends or family, girls may provide others an opportunity to intervene and provide support. The rates of suicidal ideation and parasuicide are higher for females than for males, but the rate of completed suicide is higher for males than for females. The higher rates of suicidal ideation and parasuicide for females stem from their higher rates of depression. But, females also have a greater likelihood of seeking help or signaling distress and a lower likelihood of using immediately lethal means (such as guns or leaping from high places), leading to a lower rate of completed suicides among females. Adolescence-limited-offenders are typically neither the best- nor the worst-behaved children in school, nor are they typically the first in their classes to have sex, use drugs, or be arrested. Their early parenting experiences may not be distinguishable from that of adolescent non-offenders. In contrast, life-course-persistent offenders typically begin to display antisocial behavior as young children and become bullies. They are typically the first in their classes to have sex, use drugs, and be arrested. Their early parenting experiences typically reflect either severe punishment or neglect. Drug use causes many problems for adolescents, often leading to anxiety disorders, depression, rebellion, and crime. Alcohol impairs memory and self-control by damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, perhaps permanently distorting the reward circuits for the brain. Tobacco impairs digestion and nutrition, slowing down growth, and may damage the developing hearts, lungs, brains, and reproductive systems of adolescents. Marijuana affects memory, language proficiency, and motivation. Teenagers may find it difficult to achieve sexual identity because norms and attitudes vary across time. Changing norms and attitudes can introduce new alternatives for sexual identity. There is considerable multicultural variation with respect to the degree to which adolescents rebel, as well with how much rebellion is accepted as part of adolescent development. Although adolescent rebellion can create problems for adolescents and parents, it can also be considered a good sign in that an adolescent is learning how to be more autonomous and independent. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. Parents may be the best sex educators for adolescents because they know them best. Parents and adolescents can have private conversations in which adolescents are encouraged to ask personal questions. Thinking about suicide, or suicidal ideation, is common among adolescents. Completed suicides are uncommon, although many people erroneously believe that suicide is more frequent among adolescents than adults. Drug use becomes drug abuse when adolescents start to experience negative consequences from using drugs. Identity achievement is when adolescents are able to understand themselves as unique individuals with specific goals and values. Role confusion, in contrast, is when adolescents do not know or care who they are as unique individuals and do not commit to any specific goals or values. Parental practices and beliefs can influence adolescents' religious and political identities by modeling possibilities. Youth tend to have similar religious and political beliefs to their parents. Working a few hours per week during the school year or during school breaks is not associated with problems. Adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week during the school year are more likely to fight with parents, have academic difficulties, quit school, and not enjoy their work. Sexual identity refers to a person's biological characteristics, while gender identity refers to a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with being male or female. Adolescents are establishing their independence and asserting their autonomy while parents still want to maintain some control over their adolescents' lives. The four factors are: communication, support, connectedness, and control. Communication helps establish ethical behavior, support aids development at every stage, and adolescents who experience the right balance of freedom and control within a connected family system are likely to experience better development. Peer pressure can be helpful to adolescents' development when peers encourage one another to participate in socially desirable activities, such as studying for an exam or playing a sport. Peer pressure can be detrimental to adolescents' development when peers encourage one another to engage in antisocial behavior, such as drinking, shoplifting, or skipping school. Adolescents must develop their own ethnic identity. Society tends to promote ethnic stereotypes and prejudice, which parents may attempt to counter at home. Peers of the same ethnic background can help students navigate issues of difference and sameness; at the same time, interethnic friendships help adolescents gain appreciation for other ethnic groups. Three pieces of evidence suggest this: teen birth rates have decreased in every nation, contraceptive use has increased, and the teenage abortion rate has decreased. The progression to male-female relationships starts with same-sex adolescent groups, which are then followed by larger mixed-sex adolescent groups engaged in a social activity. The third stage is smaller mixed-sex group interactions. Finally, couples form, and have private interactions with each other. Biology and culture influence sexual activity. Sexual interest, which is due to biology, contributes to sexual behaviors. The degree to which adolescents engage in sexual behaviors, however, is influenced largely by culture. Culture determines the norms and standards associated with sexual orientation. Adolescents are aware of these norms and standards, which can influence the acceptance and expression of their own sexual orientation. Teenage pregnancy is associated with increased pregnancy complications, such as stillbirth and pre-term birth, especially for mothers younger than 16. Children born to adolescent mothers are at greater risk for medical, educational, and social problems throughout their development. An adult may sexually exploit a young adolescent, who is biologically, but not emotionally, ready to be sexual involved. This puts the young adolescent at greater risk for social, emotional, and educational problems. 205. It is unclear if the sexual content of media influences adolescents sexual activity or if adolescents who are sexually active seek out media high in sexual content. 206. The most important factor is having a warm parent-adolescent relationship in which there is open communication. Adolescents must feel able to ask personal questions and parents must provide honest answers. 207. Peers might be able to provide information about sexual pleasure and technique, but not information about contraception or the consequences of sexual activity. 208. There is variation in the content and timing of sex education in schools. What seems to influence adolescent sexual behavior most, however, is family, peers, and culture rather than the “sex-education” material learned in class. 209. Adolescents may be less likely to seek treatment if symptoms of a STI appear. This means they are more likely to spread the infection. Also, adolescent females are more biologically vulnerable to STIs than are adult females. 210. Female adolescents are at greater risk for the development of clinical depression than are male adolescents. The reasons for this gender difference may be biological, psychological, and social. 211. Parasuicide is more common among adolescent females and completed suicide is more common among adolescent males. The method used to attempt suicide (boys often choose methods that are immediately lethal while girls do not) and the ability to talk about emotions (which is more present in girls) may be reasons for this gender difference. 212. Factors that indicate neurological impairment (e.g., inadequate emotional relation, slow language development) increase the risk for more serious delinquency, whereas factors that are more psychosocial (e.g., having deviant friends, not feeling connected to school) are associated with less risk for serious delinquency. 213. Adolescent drug use varies by nation, generation, and gender due to social norms, attitudes, and access across time. Most teenagers who try drugs use psychoactive drugs. Drug use tends to increase every year from age 10 to 25 and then decrease. With a few exceptions, adolescent boys use drugs more often than adolescent girls, especially outside the United States. In Europe, alcohol is used widely; in the Middle East it is rarely used. European adolescents of both sexes and Asian male adolescents smoke more than U.S. adolescents. 214. Psychoactive drugs can damage the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, both of which are still developing. In addition, the younger the adolescent user, the less likely he or she is to comprehend the risks. Cigarettes, alcohol and, prescription medicines can be as addictive and damaging as marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. 215. Antidrug curricula and advertisements that use scare techniques do not seem to decrease adolescent drug use and have even been associated with increased drug use. Changing the social context (e.g., cost of drugs, parental attitudes and behavior) may decrease adolescent drug use.