Tremendous On Life (Located Impact Everywhere)

MICROBIOLOGY NOTES “Intro to Microbiology” MICROORGANISMS (Microbe) - Tremendous impact on life (located everywhere) o Sterile environments o Warm environments (volcano) o Deep environments (sea) - Diverse in form & function o Single-celled, multicellular o Alone (planktonic cells) to complex communities - Usually seen as a population, no single organisms STUDYING MICROORGAMISMS - Microscopes (visualization techniques) - Culture Medium (media) o Growth o Colony - Molecular Biology & Biochemistry o Transformation Lab THE CELL: The Basic Unit of Life - Prokaryotic cell: no nucleus makes the cell very easy to manipulate & accessible o All prokaryotes have Cell Walls (additional support structure) - All cells have basic features: o Cell Membrane o Ribosomes - Ribosomes are free floating or associated with the ER in Eukaryotic - Chromosomes are found in the nucleoids - Nucleoids: the protein of prokaryotes - Plasmids can replicate independently o extra chromosomal DNA - Cytoplasm: liquid suspension - Lysosome: important in the destructive of bacteria (eukaryotes) Macromolecules: Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids Polysaccharides DOMAINS OF LIFE = Evolutionary events gave rise to three domains of life & the Linnaeus system of classification -Carl Woese- Kingdom - Phylum, - Class - Order, - Family - Genus - Species LUCA SYSTEM: BACTERIA, ARCHAE, EUKARYA - There is only one kingdom of bacteria & one kingdom of archaea - Eukarya has 4 kingdoms Archaea came about in the 1970s (structurally like bacteria but function like eukaryotes) MICROBES - Bacteria: - Archaea : - Eukarya : Viruses: BACTERIA - Domain: - Kingdome: - Cell Type: ARCHAE - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: single celled 1-10 microns 30 major phyla single-celled 1-10 microns 5 phyla extreme environments alga, protozoa, fungi, helminthes 3 kingdoms (many phyla), >10microns single & multicellular not cells not alive (acellular) much diversity Bacteria Bacteria Prokaryotic Archaea Archaea Prokaryotic 1 MICROBIOLOGY NOTES “Intro to Microbiology” ALGAE - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: PROTOZAO - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: FUNGI - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: HELMINTHES - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: VIRUSES - Domain: - Kingdom: - Cell Type: Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Eukarya Protista Eukaryotic Eukarya Fungi Eukaryotic Eukarya Animalia Eukaryotic None None Acellular Have to associate with cells MICROBIAL CELLS ALL cells must: - Metabolize (for growth) o Bacteria do not get physically bigger; they grow in population o Highly regulated process - Replicate DNA o Transcription & translation o Leads to growth - Respond to their environment o Motility o Differentiation o Intra & intercellular communication - Adapt to changes in environment o Much more rapid in microorganisms o Acquisition of new genes (horizontal gene transfer) MICROBIAL EVOLUTION - Microbes are the oldest living organisms o Earth 4.6 BYA - o Microbes 3.8 -4.6 BYA o Plants & Animals 0.5 BYA Anoxic to oxygenic atmosphere o Anoxygenic phototrophs Green & purple sulfur bacteria o Oxygenic phototrophs Cyanobacteria Oxygen gave rise to multicellular organisms MICROBIAL ECOLOGY - Present everywhere on Earth(extremophiles) - Major fraction of Biomass o Biomass: the amount of organic material in a particular location o Microbes make us 10x the biomass of people & 98% of the biomass of the ocean - Major contributor to nutrient cycling - All ecosystems are dependent on microbes o Digestion & health o Climate o Agriculture o Energy MICROBIAL IMPACT 1. Animals/Humans: Diseases & Nutrition 2. Agriculture: nutrient cycling, safe alternatives to fertilizers & pesticides 3. Food Manufacturing: Production, preservation & illness 4. Industrial Microbiology: consumer products, biofuels 5. Wastewater treatment 6. Bioremediation PIONEERS OF MICROBIOLOGY - Louis Pasteur o Alcoholic vs. Acidic Fermentation (wine) o Disproved spontaneous generation Microbial contamination Developed sterilization techniques 2 MICROBIOLOGY NOTES “Intro to Microbiology” - o Exceptional Immunologists Vaccines: ANTHRAX, FOWL CHOLERA, RABIES Pasteur Institute o HEAT CAN BE USED FOR STERILIZATION THANKS TO PASTEUR Robert Koch o Germ Theory of Disease: If you have a wide spread disease, you should be able to pull a pathogen from the diseased animal & infect another healthy animal (ect.) o Koch’s Postulate o Pure Cultures Led to development of modern microbial taxonomy (species) BIOSAFETY - Microbes are inherently dangerous o Safety is incredibly important - Biosafety in Microbiological & Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) o Guidelines for biological use o Biosafety levels (BSL-1, 2, 3, 4) o Risk Groups (RG-1, 2, 3, 4) o Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 3