Infants Vaccination in Week 8 | Lecture Note

University:
The University Of Western Ontario
Course:
ANAT 2200B | Systemic Anatomy of the Human Body
Academic year:

2022
Views:

383

Pages:

6
Author:

Kyuwon J.

Infants Vaccination in Week 8 ● Primary immunization on bacterial and viral infection ● Protection on infants ○ This period, highly vulnerable ○ Maternal antibodies wane ● DTaP-IPV-Hib ○ Dihteria ■ Toxin mediation ■ Systemic disease ○ Tetanus ■ Neuromuscular paralysis by toxins ○ Pertussis ■ Whooping cough ■ Severe cough ■ Apnea ○ Polio ■ IPV ■ Flaccid paralysis ■ Acute ○ Hib ■ Meningitis ■ Epiglottis ● Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ○ Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae ○ meningitis , bacteremia ○ Otitis media ○ Pneumonia ● Rotavirus Vaccine ○ Orally taken ■ Live attenuated ○ Gastroenteritis ○ Dehydrations ○ Hospitalizations ○ Started early the better ■ Gets stricter as it goes to upper age limit ● Hepatitis B ○ Schedule-dependent ■ Doses are sometimes already given in the time of birth ■ But still could give series of vaccine ● Depends on province and health regulations ● Risk factor must also be accounted for multiple injections Routes of administrations ● Intramuscular ○ IM ○ DtaP-IPV-Hib ○ PCV ■ Anterolateral thigh ● Oral ○ Rotavirus Side effects ● Local pain, redness are often seen on injection site ○ Not a major issue ● Systemically could have fever ● Decreased appetite ● Irritability ● Orally taken vaccine my have mild diarrhea ○ Vomiting is also a possibility ● These are usually mild, and common Never overload the immune system. If fever is expected, use acetaminophen Infant vaccination on 4mo ● Primary immunization to be complete ● Maximisation of antibody titer ○ Maximization of affinity ● Durable T-cell deep immune memory ● Reduction on risk ● Severe invasive infection immunization ○ Critical in late infancy Vaccination lists ● DTaP-IPV-Hib ○ Third dosage ○ Final dose for early primary ○ Production of secondary/ tertiary immunity response ○ Stabilization of memory B○ CD4+ T-cell population stabilization ● Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ○ PCV ○ Streptococcus pneumoniae ○ Prevention against invasive pneumococcal disease ○ Long term protection over 2 years ● Rotavirus ○ Now not limited to orally taken drugs ■ RotaV vaccines ○ Also available as IM ■ DTaP-IPV-Hib ■ PCV Rationale in 4mo ● Immune system goes under repeated antigen exposures ● Memory cell are present ○ Still need reinforcements ○ Antibody levels from previous doses starts to plateau ● With the third dose… ○ Conversion of transient immunity to durable protections ■ Increase in antibody affinity ■ Antibody persistence ■ Memory cell longevity T-cell mechanisms ● Rapid memory T-cell activations ○ Rapid response of T-cells ○ Immediate on antigen presentations ■ Cytokines secretions ● IL-4 ● IL-21 ● Germinal Center Maturations ○ Germinal center activity bursts ○ Somatic hypermutations ○ IgG predominance ● Long lived plasma Cell formations ○ Migration of bone marrow ○ Antibody production sustaining ■ Sustained up to months to years Clinical implications ● 4mo vaccine reduces risk on pertussis severity ○ Hip meningitis ○ Pneumococcal bacteremia ■ Sepsis